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when his spirit was up

  • 1 spirit

    'spirit
    1) (a principle or emotion which makes someone act: The spirit of kindness seems to be lacking in the world nowadays.) ånd, kraft
    2) (a person's mind, will, personality etc thought of as distinct from the body, or as remaining alive eg as a ghost when the body dies: Our great leader may be dead, but his spirit still lives on; ( also adjective) the spirit world; Evil spirits have taken possession of him.) ånd, sjel
    3) (liveliness; courage: He acted with spirit.) mot, kraft, liv
    •
    - spiritedly
    - spirits
    - spiritual
    - spiritually
    - spirit level
    spøkelse
    --------
    ånd
    I
    subst. \/ˈspɪrɪt\/
    1) ( om indre styrke) ånd, sjel, kraft
    de er beslektede sjeler\/åndsvenner
    ånden er villig, men kjødet er svakt
    2) ( om død person) ånd, spøkelse, gjenferd
    • what's the matter with you, you look like you have seen a spirit
    hva er i veien med deg, du ser ut som om du har sett et spøkelse
    3) holdning, innstilling, sinnstemning, sinnelag, ånd
    4) mot, kraft, liv, fart, energi
    • put a little more spirit to it!
    • that's the spirit!
    5) den egentlige mening, grunntone, ånd
    6) ( kjemi) sprit, alkohol
    7) ( i flertall spirits) alkohol, brennevin, sprit, alkoholholdige drikker, spritvarer
    competitive spirit konkurransementalitet, konkurranseånd, kappelyst
    enter into the spirit of forstå rekkevidden av, leve\/sette seg inn i
    evil spirit eller spirit of evil ond ånd
    full of spirit(s) full av liv, livfull
    good spirit god ånd
    good spirits godt humør
    high spirit mot, stolthet, hedersfølelse
    high spirits godt humør, god stemning
    in low\/poor spirits eller out of spirits langt nede, nedslått, i dårlig humør, nedstemt, nedtrykt
    in spirit i ånden, inne i seg, i sitt indre
    in the spirit sjelelig, åndelig den egentlige meningen
    keep up one's spirits holde motet\/humøret oppe
    the poor in spirit ( bibelsk) de fattige i ånden
    recover one's spirit kjenne seg bedre til mote, bli i bedre humør
    spirit of contradiction opposisjonslyst
    the spirits of the dead de dødes sjeler
    wines and spirit vin og brennevin
    with spirit med kraft, med liv og lyst
    II
    verb \/ˈspɪrɪt\/
    live (opp), animere, stramme opp, oppmuntre, stimulere
    spirit away\/off trylle bort, få til å forsvinne, fjerne med list, bortføre med list, lokke bort
    spirit up ( også) live opp, sprite opp (stemningen)

    English-Norwegian dictionary > spirit

  • 2 spirit

    'spirit
    1) (a principle or emotion which makes someone act: The spirit of kindness seems to be lacking in the world nowadays.) espíritu
    2) (a person's mind, will, personality etc thought of as distinct from the body, or as remaining alive eg as a ghost when the body dies: Our great leader may be dead, but his spirit still lives on; (also adjective) the spirit world; Evil spirits have taken possession of him.) espíritu
    3) (liveliness; courage: He acted with spirit.) valor
    •
    - spiritedly
    - spirits
    - spiritual
    - spiritually
    - spirit level
    1. espíritu / alma
    2. licor
    tr['spɪrɪt]
    1 SMALLCHEMISTRY/SMALL alcohol nombre masculino
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    spirit lamp lámpara de alcohol
    ————————
    tr['spɪrɪt]
    1 (soul) espíritu nombre masculino, alma; (ghost) fantasma nombre masculino
    3 (force, vigour) vigor nombre masculino, energía; (personality) carácter nombre masculino; (courage) valor nombre masculino; (vitality, liveliness) ánimo, vitalidad nombre femenino
    ■ try as they might, they couldn't break his spirit por mucho que lo intentaran, no pudieron quebrantarle el espíritu
    4 (mood, attitude) espíritu nombre masculino, humor nombre masculino
    5 (central quality, real or intended meaning) espíritu nombre masculino, sentido
    1 (mood, feelings) moral f sing, humor m sing
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    in spirit en espíritu
    that's the spirit! ¡eso es!, ¡así me gusta!
    the spirit is willing but the flesh is weak las intenciones son buenas, pero la carne es débil
    to enter into the spirit of things meterse en el ambiente
    to raise somebody's spirits subirle la moral a alguien
    the Holy Spirit el Espíritu Santo
    spirit ['spɪrət] vt
    to spirit away : hacer desaparecer
    1) : espíritu m
    body and spirit: cuerpo y espíritu
    2) ghost: espíritu m, fantasma m
    3) mood: espíritu m, humor m
    in the spirit of friendship: en el espíritu de amistad
    to be in good spirits: estar de buen humor
    4) enthusiasm, vivacity: espíritu m, ánimo m, brío m
    5) spirits npl
    : licores mpl
    n.
    • acero s.m.
    • alcohol s.m.
    • aliento s.m.
    • alma s.f.
    • bebida alcohólica s.f.
    • brío s.m.
    • coraje s.m.
    • esfuerzo s.m.
    • espectro s.m.
    • espíritu s.m.
    • fogosidad s.f.
    • genio s.m.
    • humor s.m.
    • licor s.m.
    • sangre s.m.
    • temple s.m.
    • ánimo s.m.

    I 'spɪrət, 'spɪrɪt
    1)
    a) u (life force, soul) espíritu m

    the spirit is willing but the flesh is weak — a pesar de las buenas intenciones, la carne es débil

    b) c ( Occult) espíritu m
    2) c ( person) persona f
    3) u (vigor, courage) espíritu m, temple m

    this horse/child has plenty of spirit — este caballo/esta niña tiene mucho brío

    4) (mental attitude, mood) (no pl) espíritu m

    the party/Christmas spirit — el espíritu festivo/navideño

    that's the spirit! — así se hace!, así me gusta!

    to be in good spirits — estar* animado, tener* la moral alta

    to be in high spirits — estar* muy animado or de muy buen humor

    his spirits fell — se desanimó or se desmoralizó

    6) spirits plural ( alcohol) bebidas fpl alcohólicas ( de alta graduación), licores mpl

    II

    to spirit something away — hacer* desaparecer algo como por arte de magia

    the prisoner was spirited away during the night — el prisionero desapareció or se esfumó durante la noche como por arte de magia

    ['spɪrɪt]
    1. N
    1) (=soul, inner force) espíritu m

    • I'll be with you in spirit — estaré contigo en espíritu

    2) (=ghost, supernatural being) espíritu m

    evil spirit — espíritu m maligno

    3) (=courage) espíritu m ; (=liveliness) ímpetu m, energía f

    • to break sb's spirit — quebrantar el espíritu a algn

    • they lack spirit — les falta espíritu

    • a woman of spirit — una mujer con espíritu or brío

    • show some spirit! — ¡anímate!

    • to do sth with spirit — hacer algo con energía

    4) (=attitude, mood) espíritu m

    • community spirit — civismo m

    • they wish to solve their problems in a spirit of cooperation — quieren resolver sus problemas con espíritu de cooperación

    • he refused to enter into the spirit of things — se negó a entrar en ambiente

    • festive spirit — espíritu m festivo

    • in a spirit of friendship — con espíritu de amistad

    • generosity of spirit — bondad f de espíritu

    • a spirit of optimism — un espíritu optimista

    • public spirit — civismo m

    • to take sth in the right/ wrong spirit — interpretar bien/mal algo

    • that's the spirit! — ¡así me gusta!, ¡ánimo!

    fighting 4., team 4.
    5) (=essence) [of agreement, law] espíritu m

    • the spirit of the age/the times — el espíritu de la época/de los tiempos

    • the spirit of the law — el espíritu de la ley

    6) (=person) alma f

    the leading or moving spirit in the party — el alma del partido, la figura más destacada del partido

    • she was a free spirit — era una persona sin convencionalismos

    kindred
    7) spirits
    a) (=state of mind)

    • to be in good spirits — tener la moral alta

    • to be in high spirits — estar animadísimo, estar muy alegre

    it was just a case of youthful high spirits — no fue más que una demostración típica del comportamiento impetuoso de la juventud

    • I tried to keep his spirits up — intenté animarlo or darle ánimos

    • to lift or raise sb's spirits — levantar el ánimo or la moral a algn

    • to be in low spirits — tener la moral baja, estar bajo de moral

    • my spirits rose somewhat — se me levantó un poco el ánimo or la moral

    b) (=alcohol) licores mpl

    spirits of wine — espíritu m de vino

    8) (Chem) alcohol m
    2.
    VT (=take)

    to spirit sth away — llevarse algo como por arte de magia, hacer desaparecer algo

    3.
    CPD

    spirit duplicator N — copiadora f al alcohol

    spirit gum N — cola f de maquillaje

    spirit lamp N — lamparilla f de alcohol

    spirit level N — nivel m de burbuja

    spirit stove N — infernillo m de alcohol

    * * *

    I ['spɪrət, 'spɪrɪt]
    1)
    a) u (life force, soul) espíritu m

    the spirit is willing but the flesh is weak — a pesar de las buenas intenciones, la carne es débil

    b) c ( Occult) espíritu m
    2) c ( person) persona f
    3) u (vigor, courage) espíritu m, temple m

    this horse/child has plenty of spirit — este caballo/esta niña tiene mucho brío

    4) (mental attitude, mood) (no pl) espíritu m

    the party/Christmas spirit — el espíritu festivo/navideño

    that's the spirit! — así se hace!, así me gusta!

    to be in good spirits — estar* animado, tener* la moral alta

    to be in high spirits — estar* muy animado or de muy buen humor

    his spirits fell — se desanimó or se desmoralizó

    6) spirits plural ( alcohol) bebidas fpl alcohólicas ( de alta graduación), licores mpl

    II

    to spirit something away — hacer* desaparecer algo como por arte de magia

    the prisoner was spirited away during the night — el prisionero desapareció or se esfumó durante la noche como por arte de magia

    English-spanish dictionary > spirit

  • 3 spirit

    1. noun
    1) in pl. (distilled liquor) Spirituosen Pl.
    2) (mental attitude) Geisteshaltung, die

    in the right/wrong spirit — mit der richtigen/falschen Einstellung

    enter into the spirit of something — innerlich bei einer Sache [beteiligt] sein od. dabei sein

    3) (courage) Mut, der
    4) (vital principle, soul, inner qualities) Geist, der

    in spirit — innerlich; im Geiste

    be with somebody in spirit — in Gedanken od. im Geist[e] bei jemandem sein

    5) (real meaning) Geist, der; Sinn, der
    6) (mental tendency) Geist, der; (mood) Stimmung, die

    the spirit of the age or times — der Zeitgeist

    7)

    high spirits — gehobene Stimmung; gute Laune

    in poor or low spirits — niedergedrückt

    8) (liquid obtained by distillation) Spiritus, der; (purified alcohol) reiner Alkohol
    2. transitive verb

    spirit away, spirit off — verschwinden lassen

    * * *
    ['spirit]
    1) (a principle or emotion which makes someone act: The spirit of kindness seems to be lacking in the world nowadays.) der Geist
    2) (a person's mind, will, personality etc thought of as distinct from the body, or as remaining alive eg as a ghost when the body dies: Our great leader may be dead, but his spirit still lives on; ( also adjective) the spirit world; Evil spirits have taken possession of him.) der Geist
    3) (liveliness; courage: He acted with spirit.) der Elan
    •
    - academic.ru/69592/spirited">spirited
    - spiritedly
    - spirits
    - spiritual
    - spiritually
    - spirit level
    * * *
    spir·it
    [ˈspɪrɪt]
    I. n
    1. (sb's soul) Geist m
    his \spirit will be with us always sein Geist wird uns immer begleiten
    to be with sb in \spirit im Geiste bei jdm sein
    2. (ghost) Geist m, Gespenst nt
    evil \spirit böser Geist
    3. (the Holy Spirit)
    ▪ the S\spirit der Heilige Geist
    4. no pl (mood) Stimmung f
    that's the \spirit das ist die richtige Einstellung
    we acted in a \spirit of co-operation wir handelten im Geiste der Zusammenarbeit
    the \spirit of the age der Zeitgeist
    the \spirit of brotherhood/confidence/forgiveness der Geist der Brüderlichkeit/des Vertrauens/der Vergebung
    the \spirit of Christmas die weihnachtliche Stimmung
    fighting \spirit Kampfgeist m
    party \spirit Partystimmung f
    team \spirit Teamgeist m
    to enter [or get into] the \spirit of sth Gefallen an etw dat finden
    try to get into the \spirit of things! versuch dich in die Sachen hineinzuversetzen!
    ▪ \spirits pl Gemütsverfassung f kein pl
    her \spirits rose as she read the letter sie bekam neuen Mut, als sie den Brief las
    keep your \spirits up lass den Mut nicht sinken
    to be in high/low \spirits in gehobener/gedrückter Stimmung sein
    to be out of \spirits schlecht gelaunt sein
    to dash sb's \spirits auf jds Stimmung drücken
    to lift sb's \spirits jds Stimmung heben
    6. (person) Seele f
    brave/generous \spirit mutige/gute Seele
    the moving \spirit of sth die treibende Kraft einer S. gen
    7. no pl (character) Seele f
    to have a broken \spirit seelisch gebrochen sein
    to be troubled in \spirit etw auf der Seele lasten haben
    to be young in \spirit geistig jung geblieben sein
    8. no pl (vitality) Temperament nt; of a horse Feuer nt
    to perform/sing with \spirit mit Inbrunst spielen/singen
    with \spirit voller Enthusiasmus; horse feurig
    9. no pl (intent) Sinn m
    you did not take my comment in the \spirit in which it was meant du hast meine Bemerkung nicht so aufgenommen, wie sie gemeint war
    the \spirit of the law der Geist [o Sinn] des Gesetzes
    10. (whisky, rum, etc.)
    ▪ \spirits pl Spirituosen pl
    11. (alcoholic solution) Spiritus m
    \spirits of turpentine Terpentinöl nt
    12. CHEM Spiritus m
    \spirit of ammonia Ammoniumhydroxid nt, Salmiakgeist m
    \spirit of melissa Melissengeist m
    13.
    ▶ the \spirit is willing but the flesh is weak ( saying) der Geist ist willig, aber das Fleisch ist schwach prov
    II. n modifier (world) Geister-
    III. vt
    ▪ to \spirit sb/sth away [or off] jdn/etw verschwinden lassen [o wegzaubern]
    * * *
    ['spIrɪt]
    1. n
    1) (= soul) Geist m

    the spirit is willing (but the flesh is weak) — der Geist ist willig(, aber das Fleisch ist schwach)

    2) (= supernatural being, ghost) Geist m
    3) (= leading person of age, movement etc) Geist m; (of party, enterprise) Kopf m
    4) no pl (= courage) Mut m, Schneid m; (= vitality, enthusiasm) Elan m, Schwung m

    to break sb's spirit —

    5) (= mental attitude of country, group of people, doctrine, reform etc) Geist m; (= mood) Stimmung f

    a spirit of optimism/rebellion — eine optimistische/rebellische Stimmung

    to do sth in a spirit of optimism/humility — etw voll Optimismus/voller Demut tun

    in a spirit of forgiveness/revenge — aus einer vergebenden/rachsüchtigen Stimmung heraus

    he has the right spirit — er hat die richtige Einstellung

    to enter into the spirit of sth —

    that's the spirit! (inf) — so ists recht! (inf)

    6) no pl (= intention) Geist m

    the spirit of the law — der Geist or Sinn des Gesetzes

    to take sth in the right/wrong spirit — etw richtig/falsch auffassen

    to take sth in the spirit in which it was intended —

    7) pl (= state of mind) Stimmung f, Laune f; (= courage) Mut m

    to be in good/low spirits — guter/schlechter Laune sein

    8) pl (= alcohol) Branntwein m, Spirituosen pl, geistige Getränke pl
    9) (CHEM) Spiritus m
    2. vt

    to spirit sb/sth away or off — jdn/etw verschwinden lassen or wegzaubern

    to spirit sb out of a room etc — jdn aus einem Zimmer etc wegzaubern

    * * *
    spirit [ˈspırıt]
    A s
    1. allg Geist m:
    the spirit is willing but the flesh is weak der Geist ist willig, aber das Fleisch ist schwach
    2. Geist m, Lebenshauch m
    3. Geist m:
    a) Seele f (eines Toten)
    b) Gespenst n
    4. Spirit (göttlicher) Geist
    5. Geist m, (innere) Vorstellung:
    6. (das) Geistige, Geist m:
    the world of the spirit die geistige Welt
    7. Geist m:
    a) Gesinnung f, (Gemein- etc) Sinn m:
    spirit of the party Parteigeist
    b) Charakter m: → contradiction 1
    c) Sinn m:
    that’s the spirit! umg so ist’s recht!; → enter into 4
    8. meist pl Gemütsverfassung f, Stimmung f:
    a) Hochstimmung,
    b) Ausgelassenheit f;
    in high (low) spirits in gehobener (gedrückter) Stimmung;
    keep up one’s spirits sich bei Laune halten;
    as ( oder if, when) the spirit moves ( oder takes) one wenn einem danach zumute ist
    9. fig Feuer n, Schwung m, Elan m, Mut m, pl auch Lebensgeister pl:
    full of spirits voll Feuer, voller Schwung;
    when(ever) the spirit moves me wenn es mich überkommt, wenn ich Lust dazu verspüre; → break1 B 8
    10. (Mann m von) Geist m, Kopf m
    11. fig Seele f, treibende Kraft (eines Unternehmens etc)
    12. the spirit of the age ( oder times) der Zeitgeist
    13. CHEM
    a) Spiritus m:
    spirit varnish Spirituslack m
    b) Destillat n, Geist m, Spiritus m:
    spirit of nitrous ether PHARM Hoffmannstropfen pl;
    spirit(s pl) of hartshorn Hirschhorn-, Salmiakgeist;
    spirits pl of wine Weingeist; → turpentine 2
    14. pl Spirituosen pl, stark alkoholische Getränke pl
    15. auch pl CHEM US Alkohol m
    16. Färberei: ( besonders Zinn)Beize f
    B v/t
    1. oft spirit up aufmuntern
    2. oft spirit off wegzaubern, verschwinden lassen
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) in pl. (distilled liquor) Spirituosen Pl.
    2) (mental attitude) Geisteshaltung, die

    in the right/wrong spirit — mit der richtigen/falschen Einstellung

    take something in the spirit in which it is meant — etwas so auffassen, wie es gemeint ist

    enter into the spirit of something — innerlich bei einer Sache [beteiligt] sein od. dabei sein

    3) (courage) Mut, der
    4) (vital principle, soul, inner qualities) Geist, der

    in spirit — innerlich; im Geiste

    be with somebody in spirit — in Gedanken od. im Geist[e] bei jemandem sein

    5) (real meaning) Geist, der; Sinn, der
    6) (mental tendency) Geist, der; (mood) Stimmung, die

    the spirit of the age or times — der Zeitgeist

    7)

    high spirits — gehobene Stimmung; gute Laune

    in poor or low spirits — niedergedrückt

    8) (liquid obtained by distillation) Spiritus, der; (purified alcohol) reiner Alkohol
    2. transitive verb

    spirit away, spirit off — verschwinden lassen

    * * *
    n.
    Elan nur sing. m.
    Feuer -- n.
    Geist -er m.
    Gespenst -er n.
    Seele -n f.
    Spiritus m.
    Sprit nur sing. m.

    English-german dictionary > spirit

  • 4 spirit

    حَالَة نَفْسِيَّة \ frame of mind: state of mind: He’s in a generous frame of mind today. humour: temper; state of mind: Our teacher was in a bad humour this morning. mood: the state of one’s mind and feelings: She’s in a very good mood today; she feels happy. spirit: a state of mind: He’s in high spirits. His spirits rose when he heard the good news.

    Arabic-English glossary > spirit

  • 5 πνεῦμα

    πνεῦμα, ατος, τό (πνέω; Aeschyl., Pre-Socr., Hdt.+. On the history of the word s. Rtzst., Mysterienrel.3 308ff).
    ① air in movement, blowing, breathing (even the glowing exhalations of a volcanic crater: Diod S 5, 7, 3)
    ⓐ wind (Aeschyl. et al.; LXX, EpArist, Philo; Jos., Ant. 2, 343; 349; SibOr 8, 297) in wordplay τὸ πνεῦμα πνεῖ the wind blows J 3:8a (EpJer 60 πνεῦμα ἐν πάσῃ χώρᾳ πνεῖ. But s. TDonn, ET 66, ’54f, 32; JThomas, Restoration Qtrly 24, ’81, 219–24). ὀθόνη πλοίου ὑπὸ πνεύματος πληρουμένη MPol 15:2. Of God ὁ ποιῶν τοὺς ἀγγέλους αὐτοῦ πνεύματα who makes his angels winds Hb 1:7; 1 Cl 36:3 (both Ps 103:4).
    ⓑ the breathing out of air, blowing, breath (Aeschyl. et al.; Pla., Tim. 79b; LXX) ὁ ἄνομος, ὅν ὁ κύριος Ἰησοῦς ἀνελεῖ τῷ πνεύματι τοῦ στόματος αὐτοῦ 2 Th 2:8 (cp. Is 11:4; Ps 32:6).
    ② that which animates or gives life to the body, breath, (life-)spirit (Aeschyl. et al.; Phoenix of Colophon 1, 16 [Coll. Alex. p. 231] πν.=a breathing entity [in contrast to becoming earth in death]; Polyb. 31, 10, 4; Ps.-Aristot., De Mundo 4 p. 394b, 8ff; PHib 5, 54 [III B.C.]; PGM 4, 538; 658; 2499; LXX; TestAbr A 17 p. 98, 19 [Stone p. 44] al.; JosAs 19:3; SibOr 4, 46; Tat. 4:2) ἀφιέναι τὸ πνεῦμα give up one’s spirit, breathe one’s last (Eur., Hec. 571; Porphyr., Vi. Plotini 2) Mt 27:50. J says for this παραδιδόναι τὸ πν. 19:3 (cp. ApcMos 31 ἀποδῶ τὸ πν.; Just., D. 105, 5). Of the return of the (life-)spirit of a deceased person into her dead body ἐπέστρεψεν τὸ πν. αὐτῆς Lk 8:55 (cp. Jdg 15:19). εἰς χεῖράς σου παρατίθεμαι τὸ πν. μου into your hands I entrust my spirit 23:46 (Ps 30:6; for alleged focus on ἐλπίζειν s. EBons, BZ 38, ’94, 93–101). κύριε Ἰησοῦ, δέξαι τὸ πνεῦμά μου Ac 7:59; composite of both passages AcPl Ha 10, 23 (cp. ApcMos 42). τὸ πν. μου ὁ δεσπότης δέξεται GJs 23:3 (on the pneuma flying upward after death cp. Epicharm. in Vorsokrat. 23 [=13, 4th ed.], B 9 and 22; Eur., Suppl. 533 πνεῦμα μὲν πρὸς αἰθέρα, τὸ σῶμα δʼ ἐς γῆν; PGM 1, 177ff τελευτήσαντός σου τὸ σῶμα περιστελεῖ, σοῦ δὲ τὸ πνεῦμα … εἰς ἀέρα ἄξει σὺν αὑτῷ ‘when you are dead [the angel] will wrap your body … and take your spirit with him into the sky’). τὸ σῶμα χωρὶς πν. νεκρόν ἐστιν Js 2:26. πν. ζωῆς ἐκ τ. θεοῦ εἰσῆλθεν ἐν αὐτοῖς (i.e. the prophet-witnesses who have been martyred) Rv 11:11 (cp. Ezk 37:10 v.l. εἰσῆλθεν εἰς αὐτοὺς πνεῦμα ζωῆς; vs. 5). Of the spirit that animated the image of a beast, and enabled it to speak and to have Christians put to death 13:15.—After a person’s death, the πν. lives on as an independent being, in heaven πνεύματα δικαὶων τετελειωμένων Hb 12:23 (cp. Da 3:86 εὐλογεῖτε, πνεύματα καὶ ψυχαὶ δικαίων, τὸν κύριον). According to non-biblical sources, the πν. are in the netherworld (cp. En 22:3–13; Sib Or 7, 127) or in the air (PGM 1, 178), where evil spirits can prevent them from ascending higher (s. ἀήρ2b). τοῖς ἐν φυλακῇ πνεύμασιν πορευθεὶς ἐκήρυξεν 1 Pt 3:19 belongs here if it refers to Jesus’ preaching to the spirits of the dead confined in Hades (so Usteri et al.; s. also JMcCulloch, The Harrowing of Hell, 1930), whether it be when he descended into Hades, or when he returned to heaven (so RBultmann, Bekenntnis u. Liedfragmente im 1 Pt: ConNeot11, ’47, 1–14).—CClemen, Niedergefahren zu den Toten 1900; JTurmel, La Descente du Christ aux enfers 1905; JMonnier, La Descente aux enfers 1906; HHoltzmann, ARW 11, 1908, 285–97; KGschwind, Die Niederfahrt Christi in die Unterwelt 1911; DPlooij, De Descensus in 1 Pt 3:19 en 4:6: TT 47, 1913, 145–62; JBernard, The Descent into Hades a Christian Baptism (on 1 Pt 3:19ff): Exp. 8th ser., 11, 1916, 241–74; CSchmidt, Gespräche Jesu mit seinen Jüngern: TU 43, 1919, 452ff; JFrings, BZ 17, 1926, 75–88; JKroll, Gott u. Hölle ’32; RGanschinietz, Katabasis: Pauly-W. X/2, 1919, 2359–449; Clemen2 89–96; WBieder, Die Vorstellung v. d. Höllenfahrt Jesu Chr. ’49; SJohnson, JBL 79, ’60, 48–51; WDalton, Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits ’65. S. also the lit. in Windisch, Hdb.2 1930, exc. on 1 Pt 3:20; ESelwyn, The First Ep. of St. Peter ’46 and 4c below.—This is prob. also the place for θανατωθεὶς μὲν σαρκὶ ζωοποιηθεὶς δὲ πνεύματι• ἐν ᾧ καὶ … 1 Pt 3:18f (some mss. read πνεύματι instead of πνεύμασιν in vs. 19, evidently in ref. to the manner of Jesus’ movement; πνεῦμα is that part of Christ which, in contrast to σάρξ, did not pass away in death, but survived as an individual entity after death; s. ἐν 7). Likew. the contrast κατὰ σάρκα … κατὰ πνεῦμα Ro 1:3f. Cp. 1 Ti 3:16.
    ③ a part of human personality, spirit
    ⓐ when used with σάρξ, the flesh, it denotes the immaterial part 2 Cor 7:1; Col 2:5. Flesh and spirit=the whole personality, in its outer and inner aspects, oft. in Ign.: IMg 1:2; 13:1a; ITr ins; 12:1; IRo ins; ISm 1:1; IPol 5:1; AcPl Ant 13, 18 (=Aa I 237, 3).—In the same sense beside σῶμα, the body (Simplicius, In Epict. p. 50, 1; Ps.-Phoc. 106f; PGM 1, 178) 1 Cor 5:3–5; 7:34.—The inner life of humans is divided into ψυχὴ καὶ πνεῦμα (cp. Ps.-Pla., Axioch. 10 p. 370c τὶ θεῖον ὄντως ἐνῆν πνεῦμα τῇ ψυχῇ=a divine spirit was actually in the soul; Wsd 15:11; Jos., Ant. 1, 34; Tat. 13, 2; 15, 1 et al.; Ath. 27, 1. S. also Herm. Wr. 10, 13; 16f; PGM 4, 627; 630. ἐκ τριῶν συνεστάναι λέγουσι τὸν ἄνθρωπον ἐκ ψυχῆς καὶ σώματος καὶ πνεύματος Did., Gen. 55, 14) Hb 4:12. Cp. Phil 1:27. τὸ πνεῦμα καὶ ἡ ψυχὴ καὶ τὸ σῶμα 1 Th 5:23 (s. GMilligan, Thess. 1908, 78f; EvDobschütz in Meyer X7 1909, 230ff; EBurton, Spirit, Soul, and Flesh 1918; AFestugière, La Trichotomie des 1 Th 5:23 et la Philos. gr.: RSR 20, 1930, 385–415; CMasson, RTP 33, ’45, 97–102; FGrant, An Introd. to NT Thought ’50, 161–66). σαρκί, ψυχῇ, πνεύματι IPhld 11:2.
    ⓑ as the source and seat of insight, feeling, and will, gener. as the representative part of human inner life (cp. PGM 4, 627; 3 Km 20:5; Sir 9:9 al.; Just., D. 30, 1; Did., Gen. 232, 5) ἐπιγνοὺς ὁ Ἰησοῦς τῷ πν. αὐτοῦ Mk 2:8. ἀναστενάξας τῷ πν. αὐτοῦ λέγει 8:12 (s. ἀναστενάζω). ἠγαλλίασεν τὸ πν. μου Lk 1:47 (in parallelism w. ψυχή vs. 46, as Sir 9:9). ἠγαλλιάσατο τῷ πν. 10:21 v.l., Ἰησοῦς ἐνεβριμήσατο τῷ πν. J 11:33 (s. ἐμβριμάομαι 3); Ἰης. ἐταράχθη τῷ πν. 13:21. παρωξύνετο τὸ πν. αὐτοῦ ἐν αὐτῷ Ac 17:16; ζέων τῷ πν. with spirit-fervor 18:25 (s. ζέω). τὸ παιδίον ἐκραταιοῦτο πνεύματι Lk 1:80; 2:40 v.l.; ἔθετο ὁ Παῦλος ἐν τῷ πν. Paul made up his mind Ac 19:21 (some would put this pass. in 6c, but cp. Lk 1:66 and analogous formulations Hom. et al. in L-S-J-M s.v. τίθημι A6). προσκυνήσουσιν τῷ πατρὶ ἐν πνεύματι of the spiritual, i.e. the pure, inner worship of God, that has nothing to do w. holy times, places, appurtenances, or ceremonies J 4:23; cp. vs. 24b. πν. συντετριμμένον (Ps 50:19) 1 Cl 18:17; 52:4.—2 Cl 20:4; Hv 3, 12, 2; 3, 13, 2.—This usage is also found in Paul. His conviction (s. 5 below) that the Christian possesses the (divine) πνεῦμα and thus is different fr. all other people, leads him to choose this word in preference to others, in order to characterize a believer’s inner being gener. ᾧ λατρεύω ἐν τῷ πν. μου Ro 1:9. οὐκ ἔσχηκα ἄνεσιν τῷ πν. μου 2 Cor 2:13. Cp. 7:13. As a matter of fact, it can mean simply a person’s very self or ego: τὸ πνεῦμα συμμαρτυρεῖ τῷ πνεύματι ἡμῶν the Spirit (of God) bears witness to our very self Ro 8:16 (cp. PGM 12, 327 ἠκούσθη μου τὸ πνεῦμα ὑπὸ πνεύματος οὐρανοῦ). ἀνέπαυσαν τὸ ἐμὸν πν. καὶ τὸ ὑμῶν they have refreshed both me and you 1 Cor 16:18. ἡ χάρις τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰ. Χρ. μετά τοῦ πν. (ὑμῶν) Gal 6:18; Phil 4:23; Phlm 25. Cp. 2 Ti 4:22. Likew. in Ign. τὸ ἐμὸν πν. my (unworthy) self IEph 18:1; IRo 9:3; cp. 1 Cor 2:11a—On the relation of the divine Spirit to the believer’s spiritual self, s. SWollenweider, Der Geist Gottes als Selbst der Glaubenden: ZTK 93, ’96, 163–92.—Only a part of the inner life, i.e. that which concerns the will, is meant in τὸ μὲν πνεῦμα πρόθυμον, ἡ δὲ σὰρξ ἀσθενής Mt 26:41; Mk 14:38; Pol 7:2. That which is inferior, anxiety, fear of suffering, etc. is attributed to the σάρξ.—The mng. of the expr. οἱ πτωχοὶ τῷ πνεύματι Mt 5:3 is difficult to determine w. certainty (cp. Pla., Ep. 7, 335a πένης ἀνὴρ τὴν ψυχήν. The dat. as τῇ ψυχῇ M. Ant. 6, 52; 8, 51). The sense is prob. those who are poor in their inner life, because they do not have a misdirected pride in their own spiritual riches (s. AKlöpper, Über den Sinn u. die ursprgl. Form der ersten Seligpreisung der Bergpredigt bei Mt: ZWT 37, 1894, 175–91; RKabisch, Die erste Seligpreisung: StKr 69, 1896, 195–215; KKöhler, Die ursprgl. Form der Seligpreisungen: StKr 91, 1918, 157–92; JBoehmer, De Schatkamer 17, 1923, 11–16, TT [Copenhagen] 4, 1924, 195–207, JBL 45, 1926, 298–304; WMacgregor, ET 39, 1928, 293–97; VMacchioro, JR 12, ’32, 40–49; EEvans, Theology 47, ’44, 55–60; HLeisegang, Pneuma Hagion 1922, 134ff; Betz, SM 116 n. 178 for Qumran reff.).
    ⓒ spiritual state, state of mind, disposition ἐν ἀγάπῃ πνεύματί τε πραΰτητος with love and a gentle spirit 1 Cor 4:21; cp. Gal 6:1. τὸ πν. τοῦ νοὸς ὑμῶν Eph 4:23 (s. νοῦς 2a). ἐν τῷ ἀφθάρτῳ τοῦ ἡσυχίου πνεύματος with the imperishable (gift) of a quiet disposition 1 Pt 3:4.
    ④ an independent noncorporeal being, in contrast to a being that can be perceived by the physical senses, spirit (ELangton, Good and Evil Spirits ’42).
    ⓐ God personally: πνεῦμα ὁ θεός J 4:24a (Ath. 16, 2; on God as a spirit, esp. in the Stoa, s. MPohlenz, D. Stoa ’48/49. Hdb. ad loc. Also Celsus 6, 71 [Stoic]; Herm. Wr. 18, 3 ἀκάματον μέν ἐστι πνεῦμα ὁ θεός).
    ⓑ good, or at least not expressly evil spirits or spirit-beings (cp. CIG III, 5858b δαίμονες καὶ πνεύματα; Proclus on Pla., Cratyl. p. 69, 6; 12 Pasqu.; En 15:4; 6; 8; 10; TestAbr A 4 p. 81, 15f [Stone p. 10, 15f] πάντα τὰ ἐπουράνια πνεύματα; TestAbr B 13 p. 117, 26 [Stone p. 82] ὑψηλὸν πν.; PGM 3, 8 ἐπικαλοῦμαί σε, ἱερὸν πνεῦμα; 4, 1448; 3080; 12, 249) πνεῦμα w. ἄγγελος (cp. Jos., Ant. 4, 108; Ps.-Clem., Hom. 3, 33; 8, 12) Ac 23:8f. God is ὁ παντὸς πνεύματος κτίστης καὶ ἐπίσκοπος 1 Cl 59:3b.—Pl., God the μόνος εὐεργέτης πνεύματων 1 Cl 59:3a. Cp. 64 (s. on this Num 16:22; 27:16. Prayers for vengeance fr. Rheneia [Dssm., LO 351–55=LAE 423ff=SIG 1181, 2] τὸν θεὸν τὸν κύριον τῶν πνευμάτων; PGM 5, 467 θεὸς θεῶν, ὁ κύριος τῶν πν.; sim. the magic pap PWarr 21, 24; 26 [III A.D.]); the πατὴρ τῶν πνευμάτων Hb 12:9. Intermediary beings (in polytheistic terminology: δαίμονες) that serve God are called λειτουργικὰ πνεύματα Hb 1:14. In Rv we read of the ἑπτὰ πνεύματα (τοῦ θεοῦ) 1:4; 3:1; 4:5; 5:6; s. ASkrinjar, Biblica 16, ’35, 1–24; 113–40.— Ghost Lk 24:37, 39.
    ⓒ evil spirits (PGM 13, 798; 36, 160; TestJob 27, 2; ApcSed [both Satan]; AscIs 3:28; Just., D. 39, 6 al.; Ath. 25, 3), esp. in accounts of healing in the Synoptics: (τὸ) πνεῦμα (τὸ) ἀκάθαρτον (Just., D. 82, 3) Mt 12:43; Mk 1:23, 26; 3:30; 5:2, 8; 7:25; 9:25a; Lk 8:29; 9:42; 11:24; Rv 18:2. Pl. (TestBenj 5:2) Mt 10:1; Mk 1:27; 3:11; 5:13; 6:7; Lk 4:36; 6:18; Ac 5:16; 8:7; Rv 16:13; ending of Mk in the Freer ms.—τὸ πν. τὸ πονηρόν Ac 19:15f. Pl. (En 99:7; TestSim 4:9; 6:6, TestJud 16:1; Just., D. 76, 6) Lk 7:21; 8:2; Ac 19:12f.—πν. ἄλαλον Mk 9:17; cp. vs. 25b (s. ἄλαλος). πν. πύθων Ac 16:16 (s. πύθων). πν. ἀσθενείας Lk 13:11. Cp. 1 Ti 4:1b. πνεῦμα δαιμονίου ἀκαθάρτου (s. δαιμόνιον 2) Lk 4:33. πνεύματα δαιμονίων Rv 16:14 (in effect = personified ‘exhalations’ of evil powers; for the combination of πν. and δαιμ. cp. the love spell Sb 4324, 16f τὰ πνεύματα τῶν δαιμόνων τούτων).—Abs. of a harmful spirit Mk 9:20; Lk 9:39; Ac 16:18. Pl. Mt 8:16; 12:45; Lk 10:20; 11:26.—1 Pt 3:19 (s. 2 above) belongs here if the πνεύματα refer to hostile spirit-powers, evil spirits, fallen angels (so FSpitta, Christi Predigt an die Geister 1890; HGunkel, Zum religionsgesch. Verständnis des NT 1903, 72f; WBousset, ZNW 19, 1920, 50–66; Rtzst., Herr der Grösse 1919, 25ff; Knopf, Windisch, FHauck ad loc.; BReicke, The Disobedient Spirits and Christian Baptism ’46, esp. 54–56, 69).—Hermas also has the concept of evil spirits that lead an independent existence, and live and reign within the inner life of a pers.; the Holy Spirit, who also lives or would like to live there, is forced out by them (cp. TestDan 4) Hm 5, 1, 2–4; 5, 2, 5–8; 10, 1, 2. τὸ πν. τὸ ἅγιον … ἕτερον πονηρὸν πν. 5, 1, 2. These πνεύματα are ὀξυχολία 5, 1, 3; 5, 2, 8 (τὸ πονηρότατον πν.); 10, 1, 2; διψυχία 9:11 (ἐπίγειον πν. ἐστι παρὰ τοῦ διαβόλου); 10, 1, 2; λύπη 10, 1, 2 (πάντων τῶν πνευμάτων πονηροτέρα) and other vices. On the complicated pneuma-concept of the Mandates of Hermas s. MDibelius, Hdb. exc. on Hm 5, 2, 7; cp. Leutzsch, Hermas 453f n. 133.
    ⑤ God’s being as controlling influence, with focus on association with humans, Spirit, spirit as that which differentiates God fr. everything that is not God, as the divine power that produces all divine existence, as the divine element in which all divine life is carried on, as the bearer of every application of the divine will. All those who belong to God possess or receive this spirit and hence have a share in God’s life. This spirit also serves to distinguish Christians fr. all unbelievers (cp. PGM 4, 1121ff, where the spirit is greeted as one who enters devotees and, in accordance w. God’s will, separates them fr. themselves, i.e. fr. the purely human part of their nature); for this latter aspect s. esp. 6 below.
    ⓐ the Spirit of God, of the Lord (=God) etc. (LXX; TestSim 4:4; JosAs 8:11; ApcSed 14:6; 15:6; ApcMos 43; SibOr 3, 701; Ps.-Phoc. 106; Philo; Joseph. [s. c below]; apolog. Cp. Plut., Numa 4, 6 πνεῦμα θεοῦ, capable of begetting children; s. παρθένος a) τὸ πν. τοῦ θεοῦ 1 Cor 2:11b, 14; 3:16; 6:11; 1J 4:2a (Just., D. 49, 3; Tat. 13, 3; Ath. 22, 3). τὸ τοῦ θεοῦ πν. 1 Pt 4:14 (Just., A I, 60, 6). τὸ πν. τὸ ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ 1 Cor 2:12b. τὸ πν. κυρίου Ac 5:9; B 6:14; B 9:2 (cp. Mel., P. 32, 222). τὸ πνεῦμά μου or αὐτοῦ: Mt 12:18 (Is 42:1); Ac 2:17f (Jo 3:1f.—Cp. 1QS 4:21); 1 Cor 2:10a v.l.; Eph 3:16; 1 Th 4:8 (where τὸ ἅγιον is added); 1J 4:13.—τὸ πν. τοῦ πατρὸς ὑμῶν Mt 10:20. τὸ πν. τοῦ ἐγείραντος τὸν Ἰησοῦν Ro 8:11a.—Without the art. πν. θεοῦ (JosAs 4:9; Tat. 15:3; Theoph. Ant. 1, 5 [p. 66, 18]) the Spirit of God Mt 3:16; 12:28; Ro 8:9b, 14, 19; 1 Cor 7:40; 12:3a; 2 Cor 3:3 (πν. θεοῦ ζῶντος); Phil 3:3. πν. κυρίου Lk 4:18 (Is 61:1); Ac 8:39 (like J 3:8; 20:22; Ac 2:4, this pass. belongs on the borderline betw. the mngs. ‘wind’ and ‘spirit’; cp. Diod S 3, 60, 3 Ἕσπερον ἐξαίφνης ὑπὸ πνευμάτων συναρπαγέντα μεγάλων ἄφαντον γενέσθαι ‘Hesperus [a son of Atlas] was suddenly snatched by strong winds and vanished fr. sight’. S. HLeisegang, Der Hl. Geist I 1, 1919, 19ff; OCullmann, TZ. 4, ’48, 364); 1 Cl 21:2.
    ⓑ the Spirit of Christ, of the Lord (=Christ) etc. τὸ πν. Ἰησοῦ Ac 16:7. τὸ πν. Χριστοῦ AcPlCor 2:32. τὸ ἐν αὐτοῖς πν. Χριστοῦ 1 Pt 1:11. πν. Χριστοῦ Ro 8:9c. πν. τοῦ Χριστοῦ AcPl Ha 8, 18. ἀπὸ τοῦ πν. τοῦ χριστοῦ AcPlCor 2:10. τὸ πν. Ἰης. Χριστοῦ Phil 1:19. τὸ πν. κυρίου 2 Cor 3:17b (JHermann, Kyrios und Pneuma, ’61). τὸ πν. τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ (=θεοῦ) Gal 4:6. As possessor of the divine Spirit, and at the same time controlling its distribution among humans, Christ is called κύριος πνεύματος Lord of the Spirit 2 Cor 3:18 (s. Windisch ad loc.); but many prefer to transl. from the Lord who is the Spirit.—CMoule, OCullmann Festschr., ’72, 231–37.
    ⓒ Because of its heavenly origin and nature this Spirit is called (the) Holy Spirit (cp. PGM 4, 510 ἵνα πνεύσῃ ἐν ἐμοὶ τὸ ἱερὸν πνεῦμα.—Neither Philo nor Josephus called the Spirit πν. ἅγιον; the former used θεῖον or θεοῦ πν., the latter πν. θεῖον: Ant. 4, 118; 8, 408; 10, 239; but ἅγιον πνεῦμα Orig. C. Cels 1, 40, 16).
    α. w. the art. τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον (Is 63:10f; Ps 50:13; 142:10 v.l.; cp. Sus 45 Theod.; TestAbr A 4 p. 81, 10 [Stone p. 10]; JosAs 8:11 [codd. ADE]; AscIs 3, 15, 26; Just., D. 36, 6 al.) Mt 12:32 = Mk 3:29 = Lk 12:10 (τὸ ἅγιον πνεῦμα; on the ‘sin against the Holy Spirit’ s. HLeisegang, Pneuma Hagion 1922, 96–112; AFridrichsen, Le péché contre le Saint-Esprit: RHPR 3, 1923, 367–72). Mk 12:36; 13:11; Lk 2:26; 3:22; 10:21; J 14:26; Ac 1:16; 2:33; 5:3, 32; 7:51; 8:18 v.l.; 10:44, 47; 11:15; 13:2; 15:8, 28; 19:6; 20:23, 28; 21:11; 28:25; Eph 1:13 (τὸ πν. τῆς ἐπαγγελίας τὸ ἅγιον); 4:30 (τὸ πν. τὸ ἅγιον τοῦ θεοῦ); Hb 3:7; 9:8; 10:15; 1 Cl 13:1; 16:2; 18:11 (Ps 50:13); 22:1; IEph 9:1; Hs 5, 5, 2; 5, 6, 5–7 (on the relationship of the Holy Spirit to the Son in Hermas s. ALink, Christi Person u. Werk im Hirten des Hermas 1886; JvWalter, ZNW 14, 1913, 133–44; MDibelius, Hdb. exc. following Hs 5, 6, 8 p. 572–76).—τὸ ἅγιον πνεῦμα (Wsd 9:17; OdeSol 11:2; TestJob 51:2; ApcEsdr 7:16; Just. D. 25, 1 al.) Mt 28:19; Lk 12:10 (s. above), 12; Ac 1:8; 2:38 (epexegetic gen.); 4:31; 9:31; 10:45; 13:4; 16:6; 1 Cor 6:19; 2 Cor 13:13; 1J 5:7 v.l. (on the Comma Johanneum s. λόγο 3); GJs 24:4 (s. χρηματίζω 1bα). As the mother of Jesus GHb 20, 61 (HLeisegang, Pneuma Hagion 1922, 64ff; SHirsch, D. Vorstellg. v. e. weibl. πνεῦμα ἅγ. im NT u. in d. ältesten christl. Lit. 1927. Also WBousset, Hauptprobleme der Gnosis 1907, 9ff).
    β. without the art. (s. B-D-F §257, 2; Rob. 761; 795) πνεῦμα ἅγιον (PGM 3, 289; Da 5:12 LXX; PsSol 17:37; AssMos Fgm. b; Just., D. 4, 1 al.; Ath. 24, 1. S. also Da Theod. 4:8, 9, 18 θεοῦ πνεῦμα ἅγιον or πνεῦμα θεοῦ ἅγιον) Mk 1:8; Lk 1:15, 35, 41, 67; 2:25; 4:1; 11:13; J 20:22 (Cassien, La pentecôte johannique [J 20:19–23] ’39.—See also 1QS 4:20f); Ac 2:4a; 4:8; 7:55; 8:15, 17, 19; 9:17; 10:38; 11:24; 13:9; 19:2ab; Hb 2:4; 6:4; 1 Pt 1:12 v.l.; 1 Cl 2:2; AcPl 6:18; 9:4 (restored after Aa I 110, 11); AcPlCor 2:5.—So oft. in combination w. a prep.: διὰ πνεύματος ἁγίου Ac 1:2; 4:25; Ro 5:5; 2 Ti 1:14; 1 Cl 8:1 (cp. διὰ πν. αἰωνίου Hb 9:14). διὰ φωνῆς πν. ἁγίου AcPl Ha 11, 6. ἐκ πνεύματος ἁγίου (Eus., PE 3, 12, 3 of the Egyptians: ἐκ τ. πνεύματος οἴονται συλλαμβάνειν τὸν γῦπα. Here πνεῦμα= ‘wind’; s. Horapollo 1, 11 p. 14f. The same of other birds since Aristot.—On the neut. πνεῦμα as a masc. principle cp. Aristoxenus, Fgm. 13 of the two original principles: πατέρα μὲν φῶς, μητέρα δὲ σκότος) Mt 1:18, 20; IEph 18:2; GJs 14:2; 19:1 (pap). ἐν πνεύματι ἁγίῳ (PsSol 17:37; ApcZeph; Ar. 15, 1) Mt 3:11; Mk 1:8 v.l.; Lk 3:16; J 1:33b; Ac 1:5 (cp. 1QS 3:7f); 11:16; Ro 9:1; 14:17; 15:16; 1 Cor 12:3b; 2 Cor 6:6; 1 Th 1:5; 1 Pt 1:12 (without ἐν v.l.); Jd 20. ὑπὸ πνεύματος ἁγίου 2 Pt 1:21. Cp. ἐν δυνάμει πνεύματος ἁγίου Ro 15:13, 19 v.l. (for πνεύματος θεοῦ). μετὰ χαρᾶς πνεύματος ἁγίου 1 Th 1:6. διὰ ἀνακαινώσεως πνεύματος ἁγίου Tit 3:5.
    ⓓ abs.
    α. w. the art. τὸ πνεῦμα. In this connection the art. is perh. used anaphorically at times, w. the second mention of a word (s. B-D-F §252; Rob. 762); perh. Mt 12:31 (looking back to vs. 28 πν. θεοῦ); Mk 1:10, 12 (cp. vs. 8 πν. ἅγιον); Lk 4:1b, 14 (cp. vs. 1a); Ac 2:4b (cp. vs. 4a).—As a rule it is not possible to assume that anaphora is present: Mt 4:1; J 1:32, 33a; 3:6a, 8b (in wordplay), 34; 7:39a; Ac 8:29; 10:19; 11:12, 28; 19:1 D; 20:3 D, 22; 21:4; Ro 8:23 (ἀπαρχή 1bβ; 2), 26a, 27; 12:11; 15:30; 2 Cor 1:22 and 5:5 (KErlemann, ZNW 83, ’92, 202–23, and s. ἀρραβών); 12:18 (τῷ αὐτῷ πν.); Gal 3:2, 5, 14 (ἐπαγγελία 1bβ); Eph 4:3 (gen. of the author); 6:17 (perh. epexegetic gen.); 1 Ti 4:1a; Js 4:5; 1J 3:24; 5:6ab (some mss. add καὶ πνεύματος to the words διʼ ὕδατος κ. αἵματος at the beg. of the verse; this is approved by HvSoden, Moffatt, Vogels, Merk, and w. reservations by CDodd, The Joh. Epistles ’46, TManson, JTS 48, ’47, 25–33), vs. 8; Rv 2:7, 11, 17, 29; 3:6, 13, 22; 14:13; 22:17; B 19:2, B 7= D 4:10 (s. ἐτοιμάζω b). ἐν τῷ πνεύματι (led) by the Spirit Lk 2:27.—Paul links this Spirit of God, known to every Christian, with Christ as liberating agent in contrast to legal constraint ὁ κύριος τὸ πνεῦμα ἐστιν the Lord means Spirit 2 Cor 3:17a (UHolzmeister, 2 Cor 3:17 Dominus autem Spiritus est 1908; JNisius, Zur Erklärung v. 2 Cor 3:16ff: ZKT 40, 1916, 617–75; JKögel, Ὁ κύριος τὸ πνεῦμά ἐστιν: ASchlatter Festschr. 1922, 35–46; C Guignebert, Congr. d’Hist. du Christ. II 1928, 7–22; EFuchs, Christus u. d. Geist b. Pls ’32; HHughes, ET 45, ’34, 235f; CLattey, Verb. Dom. 20, ’40, 187–89; DGriffiths ET 55, ’43, 81–83; HIngo, Kyrios und Pneuma, ’61 [Paul]; JDunn, JTS 21, ’70, 309–20).
    β. without the art. πνεῦμα B 1:3. κοινωνία πνεύματος Phil 2:1 (κοινωνία 1 and 2). πνεύματι in the Spirit or through the Spirit Gal 3:3; 5:5, 16, 18; 1 Pt 4:6. εἰ ζῶμεν πνεύματι, πνεύματι καὶ στοιχῶμεν if we live by the Spirit, let us also walk by the Spirit Gal 5:25. Freq. used w. a prep.: διὰ πνεύματος 1 Pt 1:22 v.l. ἐξ (ὕδατος καὶ) πνεύματος J 3:5. ἐν πνεύματι in, by, through the Spirit Mt 22:43; Eph 2:22; 3:5; 5:18; 6:18; Col 1:8 (ἀγάπη ἐν πνεύματι love called forth by the Spirit); B 9:7. κατὰ πνεῦμα Ro 8:4f; Gal 4:29. ἐν ἁγιασμῷ πνεύματος 2 Th 2:13; 1 Pt 1:2 (s. ἁγιασμός).—In neg. expressions: οὔπω ἧν πνεῦμα the Spirit had not yet come J 7:39b. ψυχικοὶ πνεῦμα μὴ ἔχοντες worldly people, who do not have the Spirit Jd 19.—ἓν πνεῦμα one and the same Spirit 1 Cor 12:13; Eph 2:18; 4:4; one (in) Spirit 1 Cor 6:17.
    ⓔ The Spirit is more closely defined by a gen. of thing: τὸ πν. τῆς ἀληθείας (TestJud 20:5) J 14:17; 15:26; 16:13 (in these three places the Spirit of Truth is the Paraclete promised by Jesus upon his departure); 1J 4:6 (opp. τὸ πνεῦμα τῆς πλάνης, as TestJud 20:1; PsSol 8:14 πλ. πλανήσεως; Just., D. 7, 3 πλάνου καὶ ἀκαθάρτου πνεύματος; cp. 1QS 4:23); τὸ τῆς δόξης πν. 1 Pt 4:14. τὸ πν. τῆς ζωῆς the Spirit of life Ro 8:2. το πν. τῆς πίστεως 2 Cor 4:13. πν. σοφίας καὶ ἀποκαλύψεως Eph 1:17 (cp. Just., D. 87, 4). πν. υἱοθεσίας Ro 8:15b (opp. πν. δουλείας vs. 15a). πν. δυνάμεως AcPl Ha 8, 25. πν. δυνάμεως καὶ ἀγάπης καὶ σωφρονισμοῦ 2 Ti 1:7 (opp. πν. δειλίας). τὸ πν. τῆς χάριτος (s. TestJud 24:2) Hb 10:29 (Zech 12:10); cp. 1 Cl 46:6.
    ⓕ Of Christ ‘it is written’ in Scripture: (ἐγένετο) ὁ ἔσχατος Ἀδὰμ εἰς πνεῦμα ζῳοποιοῦν 1 Cor 15:45. The scripture pass. upon which the first part of this verse is based is Gen 2:7, where Wsd 15:11 also substitutes the words πνεῦμα ζωτικόν for πνοὴν ζωῆς (cp. Just., D. 6, 2). On the other hand, s. Philo, Leg. All. 1, 42 and s. the lit. s.v. Ἀδάμ ad loc.
    ⓖ The (divine) Pneuma stands in contrast to everything that characterizes this age or the finite world gener.: οὐ τὸ πν. τοῦ κόσμου ἀλλὰ τὸ πν. τὸ ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ 1 Cor 2:12; cp. Eph 2:2 and 1 Ti 4:1ab.
    α. in contrast to σάρξ, which is more closely connected w. sin than any other earthly material (Just., D. 135, 6): J 3:6; Ro 8:4–6, 9a, 13; Gal 3:3; 5:17ab; 6:8. Cp. B 10:9. πᾶσα ἐπιθυμία κατὰ τοῦ πνεύματος στρατεύεται Pol 5:3.
    β. in contrast to σῶμα (=σάρξ) Ro 8:10 and to σάρξ (=σῶμα, as many hold) J 6:63a (for τὸ πν. ἐστιν τὸ ζῳοποιοῦν cp. Philo, Op. Mund. 30; Herm. Wr. in Cyrill., C. Jul. I 556c=542, 24 Sc. the pneuma τὰ πάντα ζῳοποιεῖ καὶ τρέφει. S. also f above). Cp. Ro 8:11b.
    γ. in contrast to γράμμα, which is the characteristic quality of God’s older declaration of the divine will in the law: Ro 2:29; 7:6; 2 Cor 3:6ab, 8 (cp. vs. 7).
    δ. in contrast to the wisdom of humans 1 Cor 2:13.
    ⑥ the Spirit of God as exhibited in the character or activity of God’s people or selected agents, Spirit, spirit (s. HPreisker, Geist u. Leben ’33).
    ⓐ πνεῦμα is accompanied by another noun, which characterizes the working of the Spirit more definitely: πνεῦμα καὶ δύναμις spirit and power Lk 1:17; 1 Cor 2:4. Cp. Ac 10:38; 1 Th 1:5. πνεῦμα καὶ ζωή J 6:63b. πνεῦμα κ. σοφία Ac 6:3; cp. vs. 10 (cp. TestReub 2:6 πνεῦμα λαλίας). πίστις κ. πνεῦμα ἅγιον 6:5 (cp. Just., D. 135, 6). χαρὰ καὶ πνεῦμα ἅγ. 13:52.
    ⓑ Unless frustrated by humans in their natural condition, the Spirit of God produces a spiritual type of conduct Gal 5:16, 25 and produces the καρπὸς τοῦ πνεύματος vs. 22 (s. Vögtle under πλεονεξία).
    ⓒ The Spirit inspires certain people of God B 12:2; B 13:5, above all, in their capacity as proclaimers of a divine revelation (Strabo 9, 3, 5 the πνεῦμα ἐνθουσιαστικόν, that inspired the Pythia; Περὶ ὕψους 13, 2; 33, 5 of the divine πν. that impels prophets and poets to express themselves; schol. on Pla. 856e of a μάντις: ἄνωθεν λαμβάνειν τὸ πνεῦμα καὶ πληροῦσθαι τοῦ θεοῦ; Aristobulus in Eus., PE 8, 10, 4 [=Fgm. 2, 4 p. 136 Holladay] τὸ θεῖον πν., καθʼ ὸ̔ καὶ προφήτης ἀνακεκήρυκται ‘[Moses possessed] the Divine Spirit with the result that he was proclaimed a prophet’; AscIs 1:7 τὸ πν. τὸ λαλοῦν ἐν ἐμοί; AssMos Fgm. f εἶδεν πνεύματι ἐπαρθείς; Just., A I, 38, 1 al.; Ath. 10, 3 τὸ προφητικὸν πν. Cp. Marinus, Vi. Procli 23 of Proclus: οὐ γὰρ ἄνευ θείας ἐπινοίας … διαλέγεσθαι; Orig., C. Cels. 3, 28, 23). προφητεία came into being only as ὑπὸ πνεύματος ἁγίου φερόμενοι ἐλάλησαν ἀπὸ θεοῦ ἄνθρωποι 2 Pt 1:21; cp. Ac 15:29 v.l.; cp. 1 Cl 8:1. David Mt 22:43; Mk 12:36; cp. Ac 1:16; 4:25. Isaiah Ac 28:25. Moses B 10:2, B 9; the Spirit was also active in giving the tables of the law to Moses 14:2. Christ himself spoke in the OT διὰ τοῦ πνεύματος τοῦ ἁγίου 1 Cl 22:1. The ἱεραὶ γραφαί are called αἱ διὰ τοῦ πν. τοῦ ἁγίου 45:2.—The Christian prophet Agabus also ἐσήμαινεν διὰ τοῦ πν. Ac 11:28; cp. Ac 21:11. Likew. Ign. IPhld 7:2. In general the Spirit reveals the most profound secrets to those who believe 1 Cor 2:10ab.—1 Cl claims to be written διὰ τοῦ ἁγ. πν. 63:2. On Ac 19:21 s. 3b.
    ⓓ The Spirit of God, being one, shows the variety and richness of its life in the different kinds of spiritual gifts which are granted to certain Christians 1 Cor 12:4, 7, 11; cp. vs. 13ab.—Vss. 8–10 enumerate the individual gifts of the Spirit, using various prepositions: διὰ τοὺ πν. vs. 8a; κατὰ τὸ πν. vs. 8b; ἐν τῷ πν. vs. 9ab. τὸ πν. μὴ σβέννυτε do not quench the Spirit 1 Th 5:19 refers to the gift of prophecy, acc. to vs. 20.—The use of the pl. πνεύματα is explained in 1 Cor 14:12 by the varied nature of the Spirit’s working; in vs. 32 by the number of persons who possess the prophetic spirit; on the latter s. Rv 22:6 and 19:10.
    ⓔ One special type of spiritual gift is represented by ecstatic speaking. Of those who ‘speak in tongues’ that no earthly person can understand: πνεύματι λαλεῖ μυστήρια expresses secret things in a spiritual way 1 Cor 14:2. Cp. vss. 14–16 and s. νοῦς 1b. τὸ πνεῦμα ὑπερεντυγχάνει στεναγμοῖς ἀλαλήτοις the Spirit pleads in our behalf with groans beyond words Ro 8:26b. Of speech that is ecstatic, but expressed in words that can be understood λαλεῖν ἐν πνεύματι D 11:7, 8; cp. vs. 9 (on the subject-matter 1 Cor 12:3; Jos., Ant. 4, 118f; TestJob 43:2 ἀναλαβὼν Ἐλιφᾶς πν. εἶπεν ὕμνον). Of the state of mind of the seer of the Apocalypse: ἐν πνεύματι Rv 17:3; 21:10; γενέσθαι ἐν πν. 1:10; 4:2 (s. γίνομαι 5c, ἐν 4c and EMoering, StKr 92, 1920, 148–54; RJeske, NTS 31, ’85, 452–66); AcPl Ha 6, 27. On the Spirit at Pentecost Ac 2:4 s. KLake: Beginn. I 5, ’33, 111–21. κατασταλέντος τοῦ πν. τοῦ ἐν Μύρτῃ when the Spirit (of prophecy) that was in Myrta ceased speaking AcPl Ha 7, 9.
    ⓕ The Spirit leads and directs Christian missionaries in their journeys (Aelian, NA 11, 16 the young women are led blindfolded to the cave of the holy serpent; they are guided by a πνεῦμα θεῖον) Ac 16:6, 7 (by dreams, among other methods; cp. vs. 9f and s. Marinus, Vi. Procli 27: Proclus ἔφασκεν προθυμηθῆναι μὲν πολλάκις γράψαι, κωλυθῆναι δὲ ἐναργῶς ἔκ τινων ἐνυπνίων). In Ac 16:6–7 τὸ ἅγιον πν. and τὸ πν. Ἰησοῦ are distinguished.
    ⑦ an activating spirit that is not fr. God, spirit: πν. ἔτερον a different (kind of) spirit 2 Cor 11:4. Cp. 2 Th 2:2; 1J 4:1–3. Because there are persons activated by such spirits, it is necessary to test the var. kinds of spirits (the same problem Artem. 3, 20 περὶ διαφορᾶς μάντεων, οἷς δεῖ προσέχειν καὶ οἷς μή) 1 Cor 12:10; 1J 4:1b. ὁ διάβολος πληροῖ αὐτὸν αὐτοῦ πν. Hm 11:3. Also οὐκ οἴδατε ποίου πνεύματός ἐστε Lk 9:55 v.l. distinguishes betw. the spirit shown by Jesus’ disciples, and another kind of spirit.—Even more rarely a spirit divinely given that is not God’s own; so (in a quot. fr. Is 29:10) a πνεῦμα κατανύξεως Ro 11:8.
    ⑧ an independent transcendent personality, the Spirit, which appears in formulas that became more and more fixed and distinct (cp. Ath. 12, 2; Hippol., Ref. 7, 26, 2.—Ps.-Lucian, Philopatr. 12 θεόν, υἱόν πατρός, πνεῦμα ἐκ πατρὸς ἐκπορευόμενον ἓν ἐκ τριῶν καὶ ἐξ ἑνὸς τρία, ταῦτα νόμιζε Ζῆνα, τόνδʼ ἡγοῦ θεόν=‘God, son of the father, spirit proceeding from the father, one from three and three from one, consider these as Zeus, think of this one as God’. The entire context bears a Christian impress.—As Aion in gnostic speculation Iren. 1, 2, 5 [Harv. I 21, 2]): βαπτίζοντες αὐτοὺς εἰς τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ πατρὸς καὶ τοῦ υἱοῦ καὶ τοῦ ἁγίου πνεύματος Mt 28:19 (on the text s. βαπτίζω 2c; on the subject-matter GWalther, Die Entstehung des Taufsymbols aus dem Taufritus: StKr 95, 1924, 256ff); D 7:1, 3. Cp. 2 Cor 13:13; 1 Cl 58:2; IEph 9:1; IMg 13:1b, 2; MPol 14:3; 22:1, 3; Epil Mosq 5. On this s. HUsener, Dreiheit: RhM 58, 1903, 1ff; 161ff; 321ff; esp. 36ff; EvDobschütz, Zwei-u. dreigliedrige Formeln: JBL 50, ’31, 116–47 (also Heinrici Festschr. 1914, 92–100); Norden, Agn. Th. 228ff; JMainz, Die Bed. der Dreizahl im Judentum 1922; Clemen2 125–28; NSöderblom, Vater, Sohn u. Geist 1909; DNielsen, Der dreieinige Gott I 1922; GKrüger, Das Dogma v. der Dreieinigkeit 1905, 46ff; AHarnack, Entstehung u. Entwicklung der Kirchenverfassung 1910, 187ff; JHaussleiter, Trinitarischer Glaube u. Christusbekenntnis in der alten Kirche: BFCT XXV 4, 1920; JLebreton, Histoire du dogme de la Trinité I: Les origines6 1927; RBlümel, Pls u. d. dreieinige Gott 1929.—On the whole word FRüsche, D. Seelenpneuma ’33; HLeisegang, Der Hl. Geist I 1, 1919; EBurton, ICC Gal 1921, 486–95; PVolz, Der Geist Gottes u. d. verwandten Erscheinungen im AT 1910; JHehn, Zum Problem des Geistes im alten Orient u. im AT: ZAW n.s. 2, 1925, 210–25; SLinder, Studier till Gamla Testamentets föreställningar om anden 1926; AMarmorstein, Der Hl. Geist in der rabb. Legende: ARW 28, 1930, 286–303; NSnaith, The Distinctive Ideas of the OT ’46, 229–37; FDillistone, Bibl. Doctrine of the Holy Spirit: Theology Today 3, ’46/47, 486–97; TNicklin, Gospel Gleanings ’50, 341–46; ESchweizer, CDodd Festschr., ’56, 482–508; DLys, Rûach, Le Souffle dans l’AT, ’62; DHill, Gk. Words and Hebr. Mngs. ’67, 202–93.—HGunkel, Die Wirkungen des Hl. Geistes2 1899; HWeinel, Die Wirkungen des Geistes u. der Geister im nachap. Zeitalter 1899; EWinstanley, The Spirit in the NT 1908; HSwete, The Holy Spirit in the NT 1909, The Holy Spirit in the Ancient Church 1912; EScott, The Spirit in the NT 1923; FBüchsel, Der Geist Gottes im NT 1926; EvDobschütz, Der Geistbesitz des Christen im Urchristentum: Monatsschr. für Pastoral-theol. 20, 1924, 228ff; FBadcock, ‘The Spirit’ and Spirit in the NT: ET 45, ’34, 218–21; RBultmann, Theologie des NT ’48, 151–62 (Eng. tr. KGrobel, ’51, I 153–64); ESchweizer, Geist u. Gemeinde im NT ’52, Int 6, ’52, 259–78.—WTosetti, Der Hl. Geist als göttliche Pers. in den Evangelien 1918; HLeisegang, Pneuma Hagion. Der Ursprung des Geistbegriffs der Syn. Ev. aus der griech. Mystik 1922; AFrövig, Das Sendungsbewusstsein Jesu u. der Geist 1924; HWindisch, Jes. u. d. Geist nach Syn. Überl.: Studies in Early Christianity, presented to FCPorter and BWBacon 1928, 209–36; FSynge, The Holy Spirit in the Gospels and Acts: CQR 120, ’35, 205–17; CBarrett, The Holy Spirit and the Gospel Trad. ’47.—ESokolowski, Die Begriffe Geist u. Leben bei Pls 1903; KDeissner, Auferstehungshoffnung u. Pneumagedanke bei Pls 1912; GVos, The Eschatological Aspect of the Pauline Conception of the Spirit: Bibl. and Theol. Studies by the Faculty of Princeton Theol. Sem. 1912, 209–59; HBertrams, Das Wesen des Geistes nach d. Anschauung des Ap. Pls 1913; WReinhard, Das Wirken des Hl. Geistes im Menschen nach den Briefen des Ap. Pls 1918; HHoyle, The Holy Spirit in St. Paul 1928; PGächter, Z. Pneumabegriff des hl. Pls: ZKT 53, 1929, 345–408; ASchweitzer, D. Mystik des Ap. Pls 1930, 159–74 al. [Mysticism of Paul the Apostle, tr. WMontgomery ’31, 160–76 al.]; E-BAllo, RB 43, ’34, 321–46 [1 Cor]; Ltzm., Hdb. exc. after Ro 8:11; Synge [s. above], CQR 119, ’35, 79–93 [Pauline epp.]; NWaaning, Onderzoek naar het gebruik van πνεῦμα bij Pls, diss. Amsterd. ’39; RJewett, Paul’s Anthropological Terms, ’71, 167–200.—HvBaer, Der Hl. Geist in den Lukasschriften 1926; MGoguel, La Notion joh. de l’Esprit 1902; JSimpson, The Holy Spirit in the Fourth Gospel: Exp., 9th ser., 4, 1925, 292–99; HWindisch, Jes. u. d. Geist im J.: Amicitiae Corolla (RHarris Festschr.) ’33, 303–18; WLofthouse, The Holy Spirit in Ac and J: ET 52, ’40/41, 334–36; CBarrett, The Holy Spirit in the Fourth Gospel: JTS 1 n.s., ’50, 1–15; FCrump, Pneuma in the Gospels, diss. Catholic Univ. of America, ’54; GLampe, Studies in the Gospels (RHLightfoot memorial vol.) ’55, 159–200; NHamilton, The Holy Spirit and Eschatology in Paul, ’57; WDavies, Paul and the Dead Sea Scrolls, Flesh and Spirit: The Scrolls and the NT, ed. KStendahl, ’57, 157–82.—GJohnston, ‘Spirit’ and ‘Holy Spirit’ in the Qumran Lit.: NT Sidelights (ACPurdy Festschr.) ’60, 27–42; JPryke, ‘Spirit’ and ‘Flesh’ in Qumran and NT, RevQ 5, ’65, 346–60; HBraun, Qumran und d. NT II, ’66, 150–64; DHill, Greek Words and Hebrew Meanings, ’67, 202–93; WBieder, Pneumatolog. Aspekte im Hb, OCullmann Festschr. ’72, 251–59; KEasley, The Pauline Usage of πνεύματι as a Reference to the Spirit of God: JETS 27, ’84, 299–313 (statistics).—B. 260; 1087. Pauly-W. XIV 387–412. BHHW I 534–37. Schmidt, Syn. II 218–50. New Docs 4, 38f. DELG s.v. πνέω. M-M. Dict. de la Bible XI 126–398. EDNT. TW. Sv.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > πνεῦμα

  • 6 Geist

    m; -(e)s, -er
    1. nur Sg.; (Verstand) mind; (Intellekt) intellect; (Sinn, Gemüt) mind; (Witz) wit; (Seele) spirit; Geist und Körper mind and body, body and spirit; Mann von Geist man of wit; vor Geist sprühen oder seinen Geist sprühen lassen scintillate; den oder seinen Geist aushauchen geh. euph. (sterben) give up the ghost; den Geist aufgeben umg. (kaputtgehen) give up the ghost, conk out; das / er geht mir auf den Geist umg. it / he really gets on my nerves, it’s / he’s driving me crazy; im Geiste in one’s mind’s eye; im Geiste sah sie sich schon als Siegerin she already imagined ( oder saw) herself as the winner; wir werden im Geiste bei euch sein we will be with you in spirit; der Geist ist willig, aber das Fleisch ist schwach the spirit is willing but the flesh is weak
    2. nur Sg.; (Einstellung) spirit; (Verfassung) morale; (Atmosphäre) atmosphere, vibes Pl. umg.; der olympische Geist the Olympic spirit; der Geist des Christentums etc. the spirit of Christianity etc.; es herrschte ein kameradschaftlicher Geist there was a comradely spirit; in jemandes Geiste handeln act in the spirit of s.o.; daran sieht man, wes Geistes Kind er ist it says a lot about him
    3. überirdischer: spirit; (Gespenst) ghost; (Erscheinung) apparition; ich glaube nicht an Geister I don’t believe in ghosts; böser Geist evil spirit, demon; der Böse Geist KIRCHL. the Evil One; hier geht ein Geist um this place is haunted; bist du denn von allen guten Geistern verlassen? are you out of your mind?, have you taken leave of your senses?; heilig
    4. fig. Person: großer Geist great mind ( oder thinker); kleiner Geist small-minded person; dienstbarer Geist umg., hum. (Dienstbote) servant, domestic treasure; jemandes guter Geist s.o.’s guiding light; sie ist der gute Geist der Abteilung she is the moving spirit in the department; sie ist ein unruhiger Geist she’s a restless person ( oder spirit), she can’t sit still for one moment, she’s up and down like a yoyo umg.; scheiden III
    * * *
    der Geist
    (Gespenst) specter; ghost; phantom; spectre;
    (Seele) animus; spirit;
    (Verstand) brains; intellect; mind;
    (Witz) wit
    * * *
    [gaist]
    m -(e)s, -er
    1) no pl (= Denken, Vernunft) mind

    der menschliche Géíst, der Géíst des Menschen — the human mind

    Géíst und Materie — mind and matter

    mit Géíst begabt — endowed with a mind

    "Phänomenologie des Géístes" — "Phenomenology of the Spirit"

    2) (REL = Seele, außerirdisches Wesen) spirit; (= Gespenst) ghost

    Géíst und Körper — mind and body

    seinen Géíst aufgeben or aushauchen (liter, iro) — to give up the ghost

    der Géíst ist willig, aber das Fleisch ist schwach (prov) — the spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak

    der Heilige Géíst — the Holy Ghost or Spirit

    der Géíst Gottes — the Spirit of God

    der böse Géíst — the Evil One

    der Géíst der Finsternis — the Prince of Darkness

    gute/böse Géíster — good/evil spirits

    die Stunde der Géíster — the witching hour

    der gute Géíst des Hauses (geh) — the moving spirit in the household

    von allen guten Géístern verlassen sein (inf) — to have taken leave of one's senses (inf)

    jdm auf den Géíst gehen (inf) — to get on sb's nerves

    in dem Schloss gehen Géíster um — the castle is haunted, the castle is walked by ghosts (liter)

    3) (no pl = Intellekt) intellect, mind; (fig = Denker, Genie) mind

    Géíst haben — to have a good mind or intellect; (Witz) to show wit

    einen regen/lebhaften Géíst haben —

    ein Mann von großem Géíst — a man of great intellect, a man with a great mind

    die Rede zeugte nicht von großem Géíst — the speech was not particularly brilliant

    das geht über meinen Géíst (inf) — that's way over my head (inf), that's beyond me (inf)

    hier scheiden sich die Géíster — this is the parting of the ways

    seinen Géíst anstrengen (inf) — to use one's brains (inf)

    sie sind verwandte Géíster — they are kindred spirits

    kleine Géíster (iro: ungebildet) — people of limited intellect; (kleinmütig) small-minded or petty-minded people

    See:
    4) no pl (= Wesen, Sinn, Gesinnung) spirit

    in kameradschaftlichem Géíst — in a spirit of comradeship

    in diesem Büro herrscht ein kollegialer Géíst — this office has a friendly atmosphere

    in seinem/ihrem Géíst — in his/her spirit

    in jds Géíst handeln — to act in the spirit of sb

    der Géíst der Zeit/der russischen Sprache — the spirit or genius (liter) of the times/of the Russian language

    nach dem Géíst des Gesetzes, nicht nach seinem Buchstaben gehen — to go by the spirit rather than the letter of the law

    daran zeigt sich, wes Géístes Kind er ist — that (just) shows what kind of person he is

    5) no pl (= Vorstellung) mind

    etw im Géíst(e) vor sich sehen — to see sth in one's mind's eye

    sich im Géíst(e) als etw/als jd/an einem Ort sehen — to see or picture oneself as sth/as sb/in a place

    im Géíste bin ich bei euch — I am with you in spirit, my thoughts are with you

    * * *
    der
    1) (a spirit, usually of a dead person: Do you believe in ghosts?; Hamlet thought he saw his father's ghost.) ghost
    2) (a principle or emotion which makes someone act: The spirit of kindness seems to be lacking in the world nowadays.) spirit
    3) (a person's mind, will, personality etc thought of as distinct from the body, or as remaining alive eg as a ghost when the body dies: Our great leader may be dead, but his spirit still lives on; ( also adjective) the spirit world; Evil spirits have taken possession of him.) spirit
    4) (an elf or fairy: a water-sprite.) sprite
    * * *
    Geist1
    <-[e]s, -e>
    [ˈgaist]
    m
    1. kein pl (Vernunft) mind
    die Rede zeugte nicht von großem \Geist the speech was no testament to a great mind
    ihr \Geist ist verwirrt she's mentally deranged
    seinen \Geist anstrengen to put one's mind to it
    seinen \Geist aushauchen (euph geh) to breathe one's last
    jdm [mit etw dat] auf den \Geist gehen (fam) to get on sb's nerves [with sth] fam
    im \Geist[e] (in Gedanken) in spirit, in one's thoughts; (in der Vorstellung) in one's mind's eye, in one's thoughts
    etw im \Geiste vor sich dat sehen to see sth in one's mind's eye, to picture sth
    \Geist und Körper body and mind
    der menschliche \Geist, der \Geist des Menschen the human mind
    2. kein pl (Witz) wit
    er sprühte vor \Geist he was as witty as could be
    eine Rede voller \Geist und Witz a witty speech
    \Geist haben to have esprit
    ein Mann ohne/von \Geist a dull/witty man
    \Geist versprühen to be scintillating
    3. kein pl (Gesinnung) spirit
    in diesem Büro herrscht ein kollegialer \Geist there's a spirit of cooperation in this office
    an \Geist und Buchstaben einer S. gen halten to observe the spirit and letter of sth
    der freie \Geist free thought
    in kameradschaftlichem \Geist in a spirit of camaraderie [or comradeship]
    in jds \Geist how sb would have wished
    der \Geist der Zeit the spirit of the times [or age
    4. (Destillat) spirit
    5.
    ▶ seinen [o den] \Geist aufgeben (iron veraltet: sterben) to give up the ghost, to breathe one's last; (hum fam: kaputtgehen) to give up the ghost
    ▶ wes \Geistes Kind jd ist the kind of person sb is
    ▶ da [o hier] scheiden sich die \Geister opinions differ here
    ▶ der \Geist ist willig, aber das Fleisch ist schwach the spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak
    Geist2
    <-[e]s, -e>
    m
    1. (Denker) mind, intellect
    große \Geister stört das nicht (hum fam) that doesn't bother me/us etc.
    kleiner \Geist small-minded person, person of limited intellect
    2. (Charakter) spirit
    ein guter \Geist an angel
    der gute \Geist des Hauses the moving [or guiding] spirit of the household
    ein unruhiger \Geist a restive spirit, a restless creature
    verwandte \Geister kindred spirits
    3. (Wesenheit) spirit
    der böse \Geist the Evil One old
    dienstbarer \Geist ministering spirit
    der \Geist der Finsternis (geh) the Prince of Darkness
    der \Geist Gottes the Spirit of God
    der Heilige \Geist the Holy Ghost
    4. (Gespenst) ghost
    ihm erschien der \Geist seiner toten Mutter he was visited by the ghost of his dead mother
    \Geister gehen hier um this place is haunted
    wie ein \Geist aussehen to look very pale; krank a. to look like death warmed up [or AM over] fam; erschreckt a. to look as if one has seen a ghost
    einen \Geist beschwören to invoke a spirit
    böse/gute \Geister evil/good spirits
    5.
    ▶ dienstbarer \Geist (hum fam) servant
    ▶ von allen guten \Geistern verlassen sein (fam) to have taken leave of one's senses
    ▶ jdm als Heiliger \Geist erscheinen, jdm den Heiligen \Geist schicken MIL, SCH (veraltet sl) to don fancy dress at night and thrash sb sleeping in bed
    * * *
    der; Geist[e]s, Geister
    1) o. Pl. (Verstand) mind

    jemandes Geist ist verwirrt/gestört — somebody is mentally deranged/disturbed

    jemandem mit etwas auf den Geist gehen — (salopp) get on somebody's nerves with something

    den Geist aufgeben — (geh./ugs. scherzh., auch fig.) give up the ghost

    im Geist[e] — in my/his etc. mind's eye

    2) o. Pl. (Scharfsinn) wit
    3) o. Pl. (innere Einstellung) spirit
    4) (denkender Mensch) mind; intellect

    ein großer/kleiner Geist — a great mind/a person of limited intellect

    hier od. da scheiden sich die Geister — this is where opinions differ

    der Heilige Geist — (christl. Rel.) the Holy Ghost or Spirit

    von allen guten Geistern verlassen sein — have taken leave of one's senses; be out of one's mind

    6) (Gespenst) ghost

    Geister gehen im Schloss um/spuken im Schloss — the castle is haunted

    * * *
    Geist m; -(e)s, -er
    1. nur sg; (Verstand) mind; (Intellekt) intellect; (Sinn, Gemüt) mind; (Witz) wit; (Seele) spirit;
    Geist und Körper mind and body, body and spirit;
    Mann von Geist man of wit;
    seinen Geist aushauchen geh euph (sterben) give up the ghost;
    den Geist aufgeben umg (kaputtgehen) give up the ghost, conk out;
    das/er geht mir auf den Geist umg it/he really gets on my nerves, it’s/he’s driving me crazy;
    im Geiste in one’s mind’s eye;
    im Geiste sah sie sich schon als Siegerin she already imagined ( oder saw) herself as the winner;
    wir werden im Geiste bei euch sein we will be with you in spirit;
    der Geist ist willig, aber das Fleisch ist schwach the spirit is willing but the flesh is weak
    2. nur sg; (Einstellung) spirit; (Verfassung) morale; (Atmosphäre) atmosphere, vibes pl umg;
    der olympische Geist the Olympic spirit;
    der Geist des Christentums etc the spirit of Christianity etc;
    es herrschte ein kameradschaftlicher Geist there was a comradely spirit;
    in jemandes Geiste handeln act in the spirit of sb;
    daran sieht man, wes Geistes Kind er ist it says a lot about him
    3. überirdischer: spirit; (Gespenst) ghost; (Erscheinung) apparition;
    ich glaube nicht an Geister I don’t believe in ghosts;
    böser Geist evil spirit, demon;
    der Böse Geist KIRCHE the Evil One;
    hier geht ein Geist um this place is haunted;
    bist du denn von allen guten Geistern verlassen? are you out of your mind?, have you taken leave of your senses?; → heilig
    4. fig Person:
    großer Geist great mind ( oder thinker);
    kleiner Geist small-minded person;
    dienstbarer Geist umg, hum (Dienstbote) servant, domestic treasure;
    jemandes guter Geist sb’s guiding light;
    sie ist der gute Geist der Abteilung she is the moving spirit in the department;
    sie ist ein unruhiger Geist she’s a restless person ( oder spirit), she can’t sit still for one moment, she’s up and down like a yoyo umg; → scheiden C
    * * *
    der; Geist[e]s, Geister
    1) o. Pl. (Verstand) mind

    jemandes Geist ist verwirrt/gestört — somebody is mentally deranged/disturbed

    jemandem mit etwas auf den Geist gehen — (salopp) get on somebody's nerves with something

    den Geist aufgeben — (geh./ugs. scherzh., auch fig.) give up the ghost

    im Geist[e] — in my/his etc. mind's eye

    2) o. Pl. (Scharfsinn) wit
    3) o. Pl. (innere Einstellung) spirit
    4) (denkender Mensch) mind; intellect

    ein großer/kleiner Geist — a great mind/a person of limited intellect

    hier od. da scheiden sich die Geister — this is where opinions differ

    der Heilige Geist — (christl. Rel.) the Holy Ghost or Spirit

    von allen guten Geistern verlassen sein — have taken leave of one's senses; be out of one's mind

    6) (Gespenst) ghost

    Geister gehen im Schloss um/spuken im Schloss — the castle is haunted

    * * *
    -er m.
    esprit n.
    ghost n.
    mind n.
    soul n.
    specter n.
    spirit n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Geist

  • 7 geist

    m; -(e)s, -er
    1. nur Sg.; (Verstand) mind; (Intellekt) intellect; (Sinn, Gemüt) mind; (Witz) wit; (Seele) spirit; Geist und Körper mind and body, body and spirit; Mann von Geist man of wit; vor Geist sprühen oder seinen Geist sprühen lassen scintillate; den oder seinen Geist aushauchen geh. euph. (sterben) give up the ghost; den Geist aufgeben umg. (kaputtgehen) give up the ghost, conk out; das / er geht mir auf den Geist umg. it / he really gets on my nerves, it’s / he’s driving me crazy; im Geiste in one’s mind’s eye; im Geiste sah sie sich schon als Siegerin she already imagined ( oder saw) herself as the winner; wir werden im Geiste bei euch sein we will be with you in spirit; der Geist ist willig, aber das Fleisch ist schwach the spirit is willing but the flesh is weak
    2. nur Sg.; (Einstellung) spirit; (Verfassung) morale; (Atmosphäre) atmosphere, vibes Pl. umg.; der olympische Geist the Olympic spirit; der Geist des Christentums etc. the spirit of Christianity etc.; es herrschte ein kameradschaftlicher Geist there was a comradely spirit; in jemandes Geiste handeln act in the spirit of s.o.; daran sieht man, wes Geistes Kind er ist it says a lot about him
    3. überirdischer: spirit; (Gespenst) ghost; (Erscheinung) apparition; ich glaube nicht an Geister I don’t believe in ghosts; böser Geist evil spirit, demon; der Böse Geist KIRCHL. the Evil One; hier geht ein Geist um this place is haunted; bist du denn von allen guten Geistern verlassen? are you out of your mind?, have you taken leave of your senses?; heilig
    4. fig. Person: großer Geist great mind ( oder thinker); kleiner Geist small-minded person; dienstbarer Geist umg., hum. (Dienstbote) servant, domestic treasure; jemandes guter Geist s.o.’s guiding light; sie ist der gute Geist der Abteilung she is the moving spirit in the department; sie ist ein unruhiger Geist she’s a restless person ( oder spirit), she can’t sit still for one moment, she’s up and down like a yoyo umg.; scheiden III
    * * *
    der Geist
    (Gespenst) specter; ghost; phantom; spectre;
    (Seele) animus; spirit;
    (Verstand) brains; intellect; mind;
    (Witz) wit
    * * *
    [gaist]
    m -(e)s, -er
    1) no pl (= Denken, Vernunft) mind

    der menschliche Géíst, der Géíst des Menschen — the human mind

    Géíst und Materie — mind and matter

    mit Géíst begabt — endowed with a mind

    "Phänomenologie des Géístes" — "Phenomenology of the Spirit"

    2) (REL = Seele, außerirdisches Wesen) spirit; (= Gespenst) ghost

    Géíst und Körper — mind and body

    seinen Géíst aufgeben or aushauchen (liter, iro) — to give up the ghost

    der Géíst ist willig, aber das Fleisch ist schwach (prov) — the spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak

    der Heilige Géíst — the Holy Ghost or Spirit

    der Géíst Gottes — the Spirit of God

    der böse Géíst — the Evil One

    der Géíst der Finsternis — the Prince of Darkness

    gute/böse Géíster — good/evil spirits

    die Stunde der Géíster — the witching hour

    der gute Géíst des Hauses (geh) — the moving spirit in the household

    von allen guten Géístern verlassen sein (inf) — to have taken leave of one's senses (inf)

    jdm auf den Géíst gehen (inf) — to get on sb's nerves

    in dem Schloss gehen Géíster um — the castle is haunted, the castle is walked by ghosts (liter)

    3) (no pl = Intellekt) intellect, mind; (fig = Denker, Genie) mind

    Géíst haben — to have a good mind or intellect; (Witz) to show wit

    einen regen/lebhaften Géíst haben —

    ein Mann von großem Géíst — a man of great intellect, a man with a great mind

    die Rede zeugte nicht von großem Géíst — the speech was not particularly brilliant

    das geht über meinen Géíst (inf) — that's way over my head (inf), that's beyond me (inf)

    hier scheiden sich die Géíster — this is the parting of the ways

    seinen Géíst anstrengen (inf) — to use one's brains (inf)

    sie sind verwandte Géíster — they are kindred spirits

    kleine Géíster (iro: ungebildet) — people of limited intellect; (kleinmütig) small-minded or petty-minded people

    See:
    4) no pl (= Wesen, Sinn, Gesinnung) spirit

    in kameradschaftlichem Géíst — in a spirit of comradeship

    in diesem Büro herrscht ein kollegialer Géíst — this office has a friendly atmosphere

    in seinem/ihrem Géíst — in his/her spirit

    in jds Géíst handeln — to act in the spirit of sb

    der Géíst der Zeit/der russischen Sprache — the spirit or genius (liter) of the times/of the Russian language

    nach dem Géíst des Gesetzes, nicht nach seinem Buchstaben gehen — to go by the spirit rather than the letter of the law

    daran zeigt sich, wes Géístes Kind er ist — that (just) shows what kind of person he is

    5) no pl (= Vorstellung) mind

    etw im Géíst(e) vor sich sehen — to see sth in one's mind's eye

    sich im Géíst(e) als etw/als jd/an einem Ort sehen — to see or picture oneself as sth/as sb/in a place

    im Géíste bin ich bei euch — I am with you in spirit, my thoughts are with you

    * * *
    der
    1) (a spirit, usually of a dead person: Do you believe in ghosts?; Hamlet thought he saw his father's ghost.) ghost
    2) (a principle or emotion which makes someone act: The spirit of kindness seems to be lacking in the world nowadays.) spirit
    3) (a person's mind, will, personality etc thought of as distinct from the body, or as remaining alive eg as a ghost when the body dies: Our great leader may be dead, but his spirit still lives on; ( also adjective) the spirit world; Evil spirits have taken possession of him.) spirit
    4) (an elf or fairy: a water-sprite.) sprite
    * * *
    Geist1
    <-[e]s, -e>
    [ˈgaist]
    m
    1. kein pl (Vernunft) mind
    die Rede zeugte nicht von großem \Geist the speech was no testament to a great mind
    ihr \Geist ist verwirrt she's mentally deranged
    seinen \Geist anstrengen to put one's mind to it
    seinen \Geist aushauchen (euph geh) to breathe one's last
    jdm [mit etw dat] auf den \Geist gehen (fam) to get on sb's nerves [with sth] fam
    im \Geist[e] (in Gedanken) in spirit, in one's thoughts; (in der Vorstellung) in one's mind's eye, in one's thoughts
    etw im \Geiste vor sich dat sehen to see sth in one's mind's eye, to picture sth
    \Geist und Körper body and mind
    der menschliche \Geist, der \Geist des Menschen the human mind
    2. kein pl (Witz) wit
    er sprühte vor \Geist he was as witty as could be
    eine Rede voller \Geist und Witz a witty speech
    \Geist haben to have esprit
    ein Mann ohne/von \Geist a dull/witty man
    \Geist versprühen to be scintillating
    3. kein pl (Gesinnung) spirit
    in diesem Büro herrscht ein kollegialer \Geist there's a spirit of cooperation in this office
    an \Geist und Buchstaben einer S. gen halten to observe the spirit and letter of sth
    der freie \Geist free thought
    in kameradschaftlichem \Geist in a spirit of camaraderie [or comradeship]
    in jds \Geist how sb would have wished
    der \Geist der Zeit the spirit of the times [or age
    4. (Destillat) spirit
    5.
    ▶ seinen [o den] \Geist aufgeben (iron veraltet: sterben) to give up the ghost, to breathe one's last; (hum fam: kaputtgehen) to give up the ghost
    ▶ wes \Geistes Kind jd ist the kind of person sb is
    ▶ da [o hier] scheiden sich die \Geister opinions differ here
    ▶ der \Geist ist willig, aber das Fleisch ist schwach the spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak
    Geist2
    <-[e]s, -e>
    m
    1. (Denker) mind, intellect
    große \Geister stört das nicht (hum fam) that doesn't bother me/us etc.
    kleiner \Geist small-minded person, person of limited intellect
    2. (Charakter) spirit
    ein guter \Geist an angel
    der gute \Geist des Hauses the moving [or guiding] spirit of the household
    ein unruhiger \Geist a restive spirit, a restless creature
    verwandte \Geister kindred spirits
    3. (Wesenheit) spirit
    der böse \Geist the Evil One old
    dienstbarer \Geist ministering spirit
    der \Geist der Finsternis (geh) the Prince of Darkness
    der \Geist Gottes the Spirit of God
    der Heilige \Geist the Holy Ghost
    4. (Gespenst) ghost
    ihm erschien der \Geist seiner toten Mutter he was visited by the ghost of his dead mother
    \Geister gehen hier um this place is haunted
    wie ein \Geist aussehen to look very pale; krank a. to look like death warmed up [or AM over] fam; erschreckt a. to look as if one has seen a ghost
    einen \Geist beschwören to invoke a spirit
    böse/gute \Geister evil/good spirits
    5.
    ▶ dienstbarer \Geist (hum fam) servant
    ▶ von allen guten \Geistern verlassen sein (fam) to have taken leave of one's senses
    ▶ jdm als Heiliger \Geist erscheinen, jdm den Heiligen \Geist schicken MIL, SCH (veraltet sl) to don fancy dress at night and thrash sb sleeping in bed
    * * *
    der; Geist[e]s, Geister
    1) o. Pl. (Verstand) mind

    jemandes Geist ist verwirrt/gestört — somebody is mentally deranged/disturbed

    jemandem mit etwas auf den Geist gehen — (salopp) get on somebody's nerves with something

    den Geist aufgeben — (geh./ugs. scherzh., auch fig.) give up the ghost

    im Geist[e] — in my/his etc. mind's eye

    2) o. Pl. (Scharfsinn) wit
    3) o. Pl. (innere Einstellung) spirit
    4) (denkender Mensch) mind; intellect

    ein großer/kleiner Geist — a great mind/a person of limited intellect

    hier od. da scheiden sich die Geister — this is where opinions differ

    der Heilige Geist — (christl. Rel.) the Holy Ghost or Spirit

    von allen guten Geistern verlassen sein — have taken leave of one's senses; be out of one's mind

    6) (Gespenst) ghost

    Geister gehen im Schloss um/spuken im Schloss — the castle is haunted

    * * *
    …geist m im subst; CHEM, GASTR spirit(s pl US);
    Himbeergeist (white) raspberry brandy;
    Mirabellengeist plum brandy
    * * *
    der; Geist[e]s, Geister
    1) o. Pl. (Verstand) mind

    jemandes Geist ist verwirrt/gestört — somebody is mentally deranged/disturbed

    jemandem mit etwas auf den Geist gehen — (salopp) get on somebody's nerves with something

    den Geist aufgeben — (geh./ugs. scherzh., auch fig.) give up the ghost

    im Geist[e] — in my/his etc. mind's eye

    2) o. Pl. (Scharfsinn) wit
    3) o. Pl. (innere Einstellung) spirit
    4) (denkender Mensch) mind; intellect

    ein großer/kleiner Geist — a great mind/a person of limited intellect

    hier od. da scheiden sich die Geister — this is where opinions differ

    der Heilige Geist — (christl. Rel.) the Holy Ghost or Spirit

    von allen guten Geistern verlassen sein — have taken leave of one's senses; be out of one's mind

    6) (Gespenst) ghost

    Geister gehen im Schloss um/spuken im Schloss — the castle is haunted

    * * *
    -er m.
    esprit n.
    ghost n.
    mind n.
    soul n.
    specter n.
    spirit n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > geist

  • 8 ánimo

    intj.
    cheer up, chin up, be of good cheer, go on.
    m.
    1 temper, frame of mind, spirits, disposition.
    2 spirit, encouragement, courage, heart.
    * * *
    1 (espiritu) spirit; (mente) mind; (alma) soul
    2 (intención) intention, purpose
    3 (valor) courage
    4 (aliento) encouragement
    1 cheer up!
    \
    con ánimo de with the intention of
    dar ánimos a alguien to encourage somebody
    hacerse el ánimo de to get used to the idea of, come to terms with
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=moral) spirits pl

    • apaciguar o aplacar los ánimos — to calm things down

    • estar bajo de ánimo — to be in low spirits

    • caer(se) de ánimo — to lose heart, get disheartened

    • calmar los ánimos — to calm things down

    • dar ánimos a algn — to cheer sb up

    • enardecer o encrespar los ánimos — to rouse passions, inflame passions

    • no consigo hacerme el ánimo de levantarme temprano — I can't bring myself to get up early

    • levantar el ánimo — to raise one's spirits

    • recobrar el ánimo — to pick o.s. up

    • estar sin ánimo — to be in low spirits

    • no tengo el ánimo para bromas — I'm not in the mood for jokes

    disposición, estado
    2) (=aliento) encouragement

    ¡ánimo! — [para alegrar] come on!, cheer up!; [ante un reto] come on!, go for it!

    • dar o infundir ánimo(s) a algn — to give encouragement to sb, encourage sb

    3) (=fuerza, coraje) courage
    4) (=intención) intention

    lo dijo sin ánimo de ofenderte — he meant no offence, he didn't mean to offend you

    • una empresa sin ánimo de lucro — a non-profit-making company

    presencia
    5) (=pensamiento) mind
    6) (=alma) soul, spirit
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( espíritu)

    con el ánimo por el suelo — in very low spirits, feeling very down-hearted

    apaciguar or calmar los ánimos — to calm everyone down

    hacerse el ánimo de hacer algo — to bring oneself to do something

    no me hago el ánimo de estudiar — I can't bring myself to study

    tengo que ir, pero no me hago el ánimo — I have to go, but I don't feel up to it

    b) (aliento, coraje) encouragement

    darle ánimo(s) a alguien — ( animar) to encourage somebody; (con aplausos, gritos) to cheer somebody on

    ánimo, que ya falta poco para llegar! — come on! it's not far now!

    no tengo ánimo(s) de or para nada — I don't feel up to anything

    ¿te sientes con ánimo(s) para seguir? — do you feel up to going on?

    2)
    a) (intención, propósito) intention

    con ánimo de calmar las tensiones — with the aim o intention of easing tensions

    lo dije sin ánimo de ofender — I meant no offense, no offense intended (colloq)

    b) (mente, pensamiento) mind
    * * *
    = spirit, cheer.
    Ex. So, in the bicentennial spirit here's a three-point bill of particulars or grievances (in addition to what was mentioned previously with respect to offensive or unauthentic terms).
    Ex. The world is a little worse off than it was before as his talents, good cheer, metered insanity will be missed.
    ----
    * ¡ánimo! = chins up!, chins up!.
    * ¡ánimo! = go for it!.
    * ánimo de lucro = profit motive.
    * asamblea para darse ánimo = pep rally.
    * con el ánimo de = in the spirit of.
    * con mucho ánimo = spiritedly.
    * cuando uno se encuentra mejor de ánimo = on the upswing.
    * dar ánimos = give + a word of encouragement, hearten.
    * estado de ánimo = mood, state of mind, frame of mind, humour [humor, -USA].
    * levantar el ánimo = pep up.
    * levantar los ánimos = lift + Posesivo + spirits up.
    * no perder el ánimo = keep + Posesivo + chin up.
    * palabras de ánimo = pep talk.
    * perder el ánimo = lose + heart.
    * presencia de ánimo = presence of mind.
    * que exalta los ánimos = inflammatory.
    * que levanta el ánimo = uplifting.
    * sin ánimo = despondently.
    * sin ánimo de lucro = non-profit [nonprofit], non-profit making, not-for-profit, generously.
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( espíritu)

    con el ánimo por el suelo — in very low spirits, feeling very down-hearted

    apaciguar or calmar los ánimos — to calm everyone down

    hacerse el ánimo de hacer algo — to bring oneself to do something

    no me hago el ánimo de estudiar — I can't bring myself to study

    tengo que ir, pero no me hago el ánimo — I have to go, but I don't feel up to it

    b) (aliento, coraje) encouragement

    darle ánimo(s) a alguien — ( animar) to encourage somebody; (con aplausos, gritos) to cheer somebody on

    ánimo, que ya falta poco para llegar! — come on! it's not far now!

    no tengo ánimo(s) de or para nada — I don't feel up to anything

    ¿te sientes con ánimo(s) para seguir? — do you feel up to going on?

    2)
    a) (intención, propósito) intention

    con ánimo de calmar las tensiones — with the aim o intention of easing tensions

    lo dije sin ánimo de ofender — I meant no offense, no offense intended (colloq)

    b) (mente, pensamiento) mind
    * * *
    = spirit, cheer.

    Ex: So, in the bicentennial spirit here's a three-point bill of particulars or grievances (in addition to what was mentioned previously with respect to offensive or unauthentic terms).

    Ex: The world is a little worse off than it was before as his talents, good cheer, metered insanity will be missed.
    * ¡ánimo! = chins up!, chins up!.
    * ¡ánimo! = go for it!.
    * ánimo de lucro = profit motive.
    * asamblea para darse ánimo = pep rally.
    * con el ánimo de = in the spirit of.
    * con mucho ánimo = spiritedly.
    * cuando uno se encuentra mejor de ánimo = on the upswing.
    * dar ánimos = give + a word of encouragement, hearten.
    * estado de ánimo = mood, state of mind, frame of mind, humour [humor, -USA].
    * levantar el ánimo = pep up.
    * levantar los ánimos = lift + Posesivo + spirits up.
    * no perder el ánimo = keep + Posesivo + chin up.
    * palabras de ánimo = pep talk.
    * perder el ánimo = lose + heart.
    * presencia de ánimo = presence of mind.
    * que exalta los ánimos = inflammatory.
    * que levanta el ánimo = uplifting.
    * sin ánimo = despondently.
    * sin ánimo de lucro = non-profit [nonprofit], non-profit making, not-for-profit, generously.

    * * *
    A
    1
    (espíritu): no estoy con el ánimo para bromas I'm not in the mood for jokes
    tu visita le levantó mucho el ánimo your visit really cheered her up o boosted her spirits
    la noticia la dejó con el ánimo por el suelo the news left her in very low spirits o feeling very down-hearted, the news left her feeling very down (in the dumps) ( colloq)
    su presencia contribuyó a apaciguar or calmar los ánimos his presence helped to calm everyone down
    tengo que ir, pero no me siento con ánimo I have to go, but I don't feel up to it
    hacerse el ánimo de hacer algo to bring oneself to do sth
    no me hago el ánimo de estudiar I can't bring myself to study
    2 (aliento, coraje) encouragement
    darle ánimo(s) a algn to encourage sb; (con aplausos, gritos) to cheer sb on
    ¡ánimo, que ya falta poco para llegar! come on! it's not far now!
    sus palabras me dieron or me infundieron ánimo(s) her words gave me encouragement o encouraged me o heartened me
    el equipo había cobrado ánimo the team had rallied
    no tiene ánimo(s) de or para nada she doesn't feel up to anything
    ánimo(s) DE or PARA + INF:
    ¿te sientes con ánimo(s) para seguir? do you feel up to going on?
    no entiendo cómo aún le quedan ánimos de volver a intentarlo I don't know how he can still find it in him to try again
    B
    1 (intención, propósito) intention
    es una asociación sin ánimo de lucro it's a non-profit association ( AmE), it's a non-profit-making association ( BrE)
    ánimo DE + INF:
    con ánimo de calmar las tensiones with the aim o intention of easing tensions
    lo dije sin ánimo de ofender I meant no offense, I didn't mean to offend you, no offense intended ( colloq)
    2 (mente, pensamiento) mind
    en el ánimo del jurado in the minds of the jury
    su recuerdo está presente en el ánimo de todos his memory lives on in everyone's hearts
    * * *

     

    Del verbo animar: ( conjugate animar)

    animo es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    animó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    animar    
    ánimo
    animar ( conjugate animar) verbo transitivo
    1

    ( levantar el espíritu) to cheer … up;

    ánimo a algn a hacer algo or a que haga algo to encourage sb to do sth
    b) ‹fiesta/reunión› to liven up;


    c) (con luces, colores) to brighten up

    2 ‹ programa› to present, host
    3 ( impulsar) to inspire
    animarse verbo pronominal
    a) (alegrarse, cobrar vida) [fiesta/reunión] to liven up, warm up;

    [ persona] to liven up

    ◊ si me animo a salir te llamo if I feel like going out, I'll call you

    c) ( atreverse):

    ◊ ¿quién se anima a decírselo? who's going to be brave enough to tell him?;

    no me animo a saltar I can't bring myself to jump;
    al final me animé a confesárselo I finally plucked up the courage to tell her
    ánimo sustantivo masculino
    1
    a) ( espíritu):


    tu visita le levantó el ánimo your visit cheered her up;
    con el ánimo por el suelo in very low spirits, feeling very down-hearted;
    apaciguar los ánimos to calm everyone down;
    hacerse el ánimo de hacer algo to bring oneself to do sth
    b) (aliento, coraje) encouragement;



    (con aplausos, gritos) to cheer sb on;
    ◊ ¡ánimo, que ya falta poco para llegar! come on! it's not far now!;

    no tengo ánimo(s) de or para nada I don't feel up to anything
    2
    a) (intención, propósito) intention;


    b) (mente, pensamiento) mind

    animar verbo transitivo
    1 (alegrar a alguien) to cheer up
    (una fiesta, una reunión) to liven up, brighten up
    2 (estimular a una persona) to encourage
    ánimo
    I sustantivo masculino
    1 (talante) spirit: no estoy de ánimo para ir allí, I'm not in the mood to go there
    tenemos un estado de ánimo ideal para trabajar, we are in the best frame of mind for working
    es propensa a frecuentes cambios de ánimo, she is prone to frequent mood changes
    2 (estímulo, fuerza) courage: su madre le dio ánimos, his mother encouraged him
    3 (intención) intention: lo dijo con ánimo de ofender, she said it with the intention of being offensive
    II exclamación ¡ánimo!, cheer up!
    ' ánimo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    aliento
    - animada
    - animado
    - apagada
    - apagado
    - bajón
    - consabida
    - consabido
    - desfallecer
    - desinflarse
    - disposición
    - espíritu
    - estado
    - estímulo
    - ir
    - humor
    - impulsar
    - levantar
    - lucro
    - moral
    - muchachada
    - presencia
    - suelo
    - talante
    - animar
    - brío
    - decaer
    - grandeza
    - impacto
    - infundir
    - mentiroso
    English:
    agitation
    - bear up
    - chin
    - frame of mind
    - life-giving
    - lift
    - mind
    - morale
    - muster
    - nonprofit
    - organization
    - pep talk
    - pluck
    - spirit
    - spur
    - state
    - waver
    - buck
    - encourage
    - encouragement
    - frame
    - pep
    - presence
    - rise
    - up
    * * *
    ♦ nm
    1. [valor] courage;
    me da muchos ánimos saber que contamos contigo it's comforting to know that we have you with us;
    cobrar ánimo to take heart
    2. [aliento] encouragement;
    dar ánimos a alguien to encourage sb;
    tienes que darle ánimos para que deje la bebida you have to encourage him to stop drinking;
    iremos al estadio para dar ánimos a nuestros jugadores we'll go to the stadium to support o cheer on our team
    3. [energía] energy, vitality;
    [humor] disposition;
    ¡levanta ese ánimo! cheer up!;
    los ánimos estaban revueltos feelings were running high;
    estoy con el ánimo decaído I'm feeling downhearted o gloomy;
    apaciguar o [m5] calmar los ánimos to calm things o people down;
    cuando me enteré de su despido, se me cayeron los ánimos al suelo when I heard of her dismissal, my heart sank;
    tener ánimos para to be in the mood for, to feel like;
    no tiene ánimos para nada she doesn't feel like doing anything;
    trabajar con ánimo to work energetically
    4. [intención]
    con/sin ánimo de with/without the intention of;
    lo dijo con ánimo de herir his remark was intended to be hurtful;
    han realizado un estudio con ánimo de conocer mejor el problema they've carried out a study with a view to achieving a better understanding of the problem;
    sin ánimo de ofenderte, creo que… no offence (intended), but I think…;
    lo hice sin ánimo de ofenderte I didn't mean to offend you;
    una organización sin ánimo de lucro a Br non-profit-making o US not-for-profit organization
    5. [alma] mind
    ♦ interj
    [¡adelante!] come on!; [¡anímate!] cheer up!;
    ¡ánimo, Zaragoza! Br come on you Zaragoza!, US go Zaragoza!;
    ¡ánimo, que no ha sido nada! come (on) now, it was nothing
    * * *
    m
    1 spirit;
    para feel up to
    2 ( coraje) encouragement;
    dar o
    infundir ánimo a alguien give s.o. encouragement;
    ¡ánimo! cheer up!
    3 ( mente)
    :
    presencia de ánimo presence of mind;
    estado de ánimo state of mind
    :
    con ánimo de with the intention of
    * * *
    ánimo nm
    1) alma: spirit, soul
    2) : mood, spirits pl
    3) : encouragement
    4) propósito: intention, purpose
    sociedad sin ánimo de lucro: nonprofit organization
    5) : energy, vitality
    * * *
    ¡ánimo! cheer up!

    Spanish-English dictionary > ánimo

  • 9 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 10 break

    break [breɪk]
    casser ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (c) briser ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (i), 1 (j) fracturer ⇒ 1 (b) enfoncer ⇒ 1 (e) violer, enfreindre ⇒ 1 (f) rompre ⇒ 1 (h) couper ⇒ 1 (h) ruiner ⇒ 1 (k) amortir ⇒ 1 (l) se casser ⇒ 2 (a) se briser ⇒ 2 (a) se fracturer ⇒ 2 (b) cassure, brisure ⇒ 3 (a) fissure, fente ⇒ 3 (b) ouverture ⇒ 3 (c) interruption ⇒ 3 (d) pause ⇒ 3 (e) évasion ⇒ 3 (f) chance ⇒ 3 (g) changement ⇒ 3 (h)
    (pt broke [brəʊk], pp broken ['brəʊkn])
    (a) (split into pieces → glass, furniture) casser, briser; (→ branch, lace, string, egg, toy) casser;
    ∎ break the stick in two cassez le bâton en deux;
    ∎ to break sth into pieces mettre qch en morceaux;
    ∎ to get broken se casser;
    ∎ to break a safe forcer un coffre-fort;
    ∎ Religion to break bread (priest) administrer la communion; (congregation) recevoir la communion;
    ∎ figurative to break bread with sb partager le repas de qn;
    ∎ figurative to break sb's heart briser le cœur à qn;
    ∎ Ross broke her heart Ross lui a brisé le cœur;
    ∎ it breaks my heart to see her unhappy ça me brise le cœur de la voir malheureuse;
    ∎ figurative to break the ice rompre ou briser la glace
    (b) Medicine (fracture) casser, fracturer;
    ∎ to break one's leg se casser ou se fracturer la jambe;
    ∎ to break one's neck se casser ou se rompre le cou;
    ∎ the fall broke his back la chute lui a brisé les reins;
    ∎ familiar figurative they broke their backs trying to get the job done ils se sont éreintés à finir le travail;
    ∎ familiar we've broken the back of the job nous avons fait le plus gros du travail;
    ∎ familiar I'll break his neck if I catch him doing it again! je lui tords le cou si je le reprends à faire ça!;
    ∎ familiar figurative break a leg! merde! (pour souhaiter bonne chance)
    (c) (render inoperable → appliance, machine) casser;
    ∎ you've broken the TV tu as cassé la télé
    (d) (cut surface of → ground) entamer; (→ skin) écorcher; Law (seals → illegally) briser; (legally) lever;
    ∎ the seal on the coffee jar was broken le pot de café avait été ouvert;
    ∎ the skin isn't broken la peau n'est pas écorchée;
    ∎ to break new or fresh ground innover, faire œuvre de pionnier;
    ∎ scientists are breaking new or fresh ground in cancer research les savants font une percée dans la recherche contre le cancer
    ∎ the river broke its banks la rivière est sortie de son lit;
    ∎ to break the sound barrier franchir le mur du son;
    ∎ to break surface (diver, whale) remonter à la surface; Nautical (submarine) faire surface
    (f) Law (violate → law, rule) violer, enfreindre; (→ speed limit) dépasser; (→ agreement, treaty) violer; (→ contract) rompre; (→ promise) manquer à; Religion (→ commandment) désobéir à; (→ Sabbath) ne pas respecter;
    ∎ she broke her appointment with them elle a annulé son rendez-vous avec eux;
    ∎ he broke his word to her il a manqué à la parole qu'il lui avait donnée;
    ∎ Law to break parole = commettre un délit qui entraîne la révocation de la mise en liberté conditionnelle;
    ∎ Military to break bounds violer la consigne
    (g) (escape from, leave suddenly) Law
    ∎ to break jail s'évader (de prison);
    ∎ to break camp lever le camp;
    ∎ to break cover (animal) être débusqué; (person) sortir à découvert
    (h) (interrupt → fast, monotony, spell) rompre; Electricity (→ circuit, current) couper; Typography (→ word, page) couper;
    ∎ we broke our journey at Brussels nous avons fait une étape à Bruxelles;
    ∎ a cry broke the silence un cri a déchiré ou percé le silence;
    ∎ the plain was broken only by an occasional small settlement la plaine n'était interrompue que par de rares petits hameaux;
    ∎ Military to break step rompre le pas
    (i) (put an end to → strike) briser; (→ uprising) mater;
    ∎ the new offer broke the deadlock la nouvelle proposition a permis de sortir de l'impasse;
    ∎ he's tried to stop smoking but he can't break the habit il a essayé d'arrêter de fumer mais il n'arrive pas à se débarrasser ou se défaire de l'habitude;
    ∎ to break sb of a habit corriger ou guérir qn d'une habitude;
    ∎ to break oneself of a habit se corriger ou se défaire d'une habitude
    (j) (wear down, destroy → enemy) détruire; (→ person, will, courage, resistance) briser; (→ witness) réfuter; (→ health) abîmer; (→ alibi) écarter;
    ∎ torture did not break him or his spirit il a résisté à la torture;
    ∎ this scandal could break them ce scandale pourrait signer leur perte;
    ∎ the experience will either make or break him l'expérience lui sera ou salutaire ou fatale
    (k) (bankrupt) ruiner;
    ∎ her new business will either make or break her sa nouvelle affaire la rendra riche ou la ruinera;
    ∎ to break the bank (exhaust funds) faire sauter la banque;
    ∎ humorous buying a book won't break the bank! acheter un livre ne te/nous/ etc ruinera pas!
    (l) (soften → fall) amortir, adoucir;
    ∎ we planted a row of trees to break the wind nous avons planté une rangée d'arbres pour couper le vent
    (m) (reveal, tell) annoncer, révéler;
    ∎ break it to her gently annonce-le lui avec ménagement
    (n) (beat, improve on) battre;
    ∎ to break a record battre un record;
    ∎ the golfer broke 90 le golfeur a dépassé le score de 90
    (o) (solve → code) déchiffrer
    ∎ to break sb's service (in tennis) prendre le service de qn;
    ∎ Hingis was broken in the fifth game Hingis a perdu son service dans le cinquième jeu
    (q) (divide into parts → collection) dépareiller; (→ bank note) entamer;
    ∎ can you break a £10 note? pouvez-vous faire de la monnaie sur un billet de 10 livres?
    (r) (horse) dresser
    (t) Nautical (flag) déferler
    ∎ to break wind lâcher un vent
    (a) (split into pieces → glass, furniture) se casser, se briser; (→ branch, stick) se casser, se rompre; (→ lace, string, egg, toy) se casser;
    ∎ to break apart se casser ou se briser (en morceaux);
    ∎ the plate broke in two l'assiette s'est cassée en deux;
    ∎ to break into pieces se casser en morceaux;
    ∎ figurative her heart broke elle a eu le cœur brisé
    (b) Medicine (fracture → bone, limb) se fracturer;
    ∎ is the bone broken? y a-t-il une fracture?;
    ∎ humorous any bones broken? rien de cassé?
    (c) (become inoperable → lock, tool) casser; (→ machine) tomber en panne;
    ∎ the dishwasher broke last week le lave-vaisselle est tombé en panne la semaine dernière
    (d) (disperse → clouds) se disperser, se dissiper; Military (→ troops) rompre les rangs; (→ ranks) se rompre
    ∎ to break free se libérer;
    ∎ the ship broke loose from its moorings le bateau a rompu ses amarres
    (f) (fail → health, person, spirit) se détériorer;
    ∎ the witness broke under questioning le témoin a craqué au cours de l'interrogatoire;
    ∎ she or her spirit did not break elle ne s'est pas laissée abattre;
    ∎ their courage finally broke leur courage a fini par les abandonner
    (g) (take a break) faire une pause;
    ∎ let's break for coffee arrêtons-nous pour prendre un café
    (h) (arise suddenly → day) se lever, poindre; (→ dawn) poindre; Press & Television (→ news) être annoncé; (→ scandal, war) éclater
    (i) (move suddenly) se précipiter, foncer
    (j) (weather) changer; (storm) éclater
    (k) (voice → of boy) muer; (→ with emotion) se briser;
    ∎ she was so upset that her voice kept breaking elle était tellement bouleversée que sa voix se brisait
    (l) (wave) déferler;
    ∎ the sea was breaking against the rocks les vagues se brisaient sur les rochers
    ∎ her waters have broken elle a perdu les eaux
    (n) American familiar (happen) se passer□, arriver□ ;
    ∎ to break right/badly bien/mal se passer
    (o) Linguistics (vowel) se diphtonguer
    (p) Sport (boxers) se dégager;
    ∎ break! break!, stop!
    (q) Sport (ball) dévier
    (r) Sport (in billiards, snooker, pool) donner l'acquit
    ∎ to break even (gen) s'y retrouver; Finance rentrer dans ses frais
    3 noun
    (a) (in china, glass) cassure f, brisure f; (in wood) cassure f, rupture f; Medicine (in bone, limb) fracture f; figurative (with friend, group) rupture f; (in marriage) séparation f;
    ∎ a clean break (in object) une cassure nette; Medicine (in bone) une fracture simple;
    ∎ the break with her husband was a painful experience ça a été très pénible pour elle quand elle s'est séparée de son mari;
    ∎ her break with the party in 1968 sa rupture avec le parti en 1968;
    ∎ to make a clean break with the past rompre avec le passé
    (b) (crack) fissure f, fente f
    (c) (gap → in hedge, wall) trouée f, ouverture f; Geology (→ in rock) faille f; (→ in line) interruption f, rupture f; Typography (→ in word) césure f; (→ in pagination) fin f de page;
    ∎ a break in the clouds une éclaircie
    (d) (interruption → in conversation) interruption f, pause f; (→ in payment) interruption f, suspension f; (→ in trip) arrêt m; (→ in production) suspension f, rupture f; (→ in series) interruption f; Literature & Music pause f; (in jazz) break m;
    ∎ guitar break (in rock) (courte) improvisation f de guitare;
    ∎ Electricity a break in the circuit une coupure de courant;
    ∎ Radio a break for commercials, a (commercial) break un intermède de publicité; Television un écran publicitaire, une page de publicité;
    ∎ Television a break in transmission une interruption des programmes (due à un incident technique)
    (e) (rest) pause f; (holiday) vacances fpl; British School récréation f;
    ∎ let's take a break on fait une pause?;
    ∎ we worked all morning without a break nous avons travaillé toute la matinée sans nous arrêter;
    ∎ he drove for three hours without a break il a conduit trois heures de suite;
    ∎ you need a break (short rest) tu as besoin de faire une pause; (holiday) tu as besoin de vacances;
    ∎ an hour's break for lunch une heure de pause pour le déjeuner;
    ∎ lunch break pause f de midi;
    ∎ do you get a lunch break? tu as une pause à midi?;
    ∎ a weekend in the country makes a pleasant break un week-end à la campagne fait du bien;
    ∎ familiar give me a break! (don't talk nonsense) dis pas n'importe quoi!; (stop nagging) fiche-moi la paix!
    (f) (escape) évasion f, fuite f;
    ∎ Law jail break évasion f (de prison);
    ∎ she made a break for the woods elle s'est élancée vers le bois;
    ∎ to make a break for it prendre la fuite
    (g) familiar (opportunity) chance□ f; (luck) (coup m de) veine f;
    ∎ you get all the breaks! tu en as du pot!;
    ∎ to have a lucky break avoir de la veine;
    ∎ to have a bad break manquer de veine;
    ∎ this could be your big break ça pourrait être la chance de ta vie;
    ∎ she's never had an even break in her life rien n'a jamais été facile dans sa vie;
    ∎ give him a break donne-lui une chance; (he won't do it again) donne-lui une seconde chance
    (h) (change) changement m;
    ∎ a break in the weather un changement de temps;
    ∎ the decision signalled a break with tradition la décision marquait une rupture avec la tradition
    (i) (carriage) break m
    ∎ at break of day au point du jour, à l'aube
    ∎ to have a service break or a break (of serve) (in tennis) avoir une rupture de service (de l'adversaire);
    ∎ to have two break points (in tennis) avoir deux balles de break;
    ∎ he made a 70 break (in snooker, pool etc) il a fait une série de 70
    ►► Computing break character caractère m d'interruption;
    Computing break key touche f d'interruption
    (a) (move away) se détacher; (escape) s'évader;
    ∎ I broke away from the crowd je me suis éloigné de la foule;
    ∎ he broke away from her grasp il s'est dégagé de son étreinte
    (b) (end association with) rompre; (province → from State) se séparer;
    ∎ a group of MPs broke away from the party un groupe de députés a quitté le parti;
    ∎ as a band they have broken away from traditional jazz leur groupe a (complètement) rompu avec le jazz traditionnel
    (c) Sport (in racing, cycling) s'échapper, se détacher du peloton
    détacher;
    ∎ they broke all the fittings away from the walls ils ont décroché toutes les appliques des murs
    (in tennis) = gagner le service de son adversaire après avoir perdu son propre service
    (a) (vehicle, machine) tomber en panne;
    ∎ the car has broken down la voiture est en panne
    (b) (fail → health) se détériorer; (→ authority) disparaître; (→ argument, system, resistance) s'effondrer; (→ negotiations, relations, plan) échouer;
    ∎ radio communications broke down le contact radio a été coupé;
    ∎ their marriage is breaking down leur mariage se désagrège
    ∎ to break down in tears fondre en larmes
    (d) (divide) se diviser;
    ∎ the report breaks down into three parts le rapport comprend ou est composé de trois parties
    (e) Chemistry se décomposer;
    ∎ to break down into sth se décomposer en qch
    (a) (destroy → barrier) démolir, abattre; (→ door) enfoncer; figurative (→ resistance) briser;
    ∎ we must break down old prejudices il faut mettre fin aux vieux préjugés
    (b) (analyse → idea, statistics) analyser; (→ reasons) décomposer; (→ account, figures, expenses) décomposer, ventiler; (→ bill, estimate) détailler; (→ substance) décomposer;
    ∎ the problem can be broken down into three parts le problème peut se décomposer en trois parties
    literary (light) jaillir; (storm, buds) éclater; (blossom) s'épanouir subitement
    (a) (train → person) former; (→ horse) dresser;
    ∎ a month should be enough to break you in to the job un mois devrait suffire pour vous faire ou vous habituer au métier
    (b) (clothing) porter (pour user);
    ∎ I want to break these shoes in je veux que ces chaussures se fassent
    (c) (knock down → door) enfoncer
    (a) Law (burglar) entrer par effraction
    (b) (speaker) interrompre;
    ∎ to break in on sb/sth interrompre qn/qch
    (a) (of burglar) entrer par effraction dans; (drawer) forcer;
    ∎ they broke into the safe ils ont fracturé ou forcé le coffre-fort;
    ∎ they've been broken into three times ils se sont fait cambrioler trois fois
    ∎ the audience broke into applause le public s'est mis à applaudir;
    ∎ to break into a run/sprint se mettre à courir/à sprinter;
    ∎ the horse broke into a gallop le cheval a pris le galop
    (c) (conversation) interrompre
    (d) (start to spend → savings) entamer;
    ∎ I don't want to break into a £20 note je ne veux pas entamer un billet de 20 livres
    (e) Commerce (market) percer sur;
    ∎ the firm has broken into the Japanese market l'entreprise a percé sur le marché japonais
    (a) (separate) se détacher, se casser;
    ∎ a branch has broken off une branche s'est détachée (de l'arbre)
    (b) (stop) s'arrêter brusquement;
    ∎ he broke off in mid-sentence il s'est arrêté au milieu d'une phrase;
    ∎ they broke off from work (for rest) ils ont fait une pause; (for day) ils ont cessé le travail;
    ∎ to break off for ten minutes prendre dix minutes de pause;
    ∎ to break off for lunch s'arrêter pour déjeuner
    ∎ she's broken off with him elle a rompu avec lui
    (a) (separate) détacher, casser;
    ∎ to break sth off sth casser ou détacher qch de qch
    (b) (end → agreement, relationship) rompre;
    ∎ they've broken off their engagement ils ont rompu leurs fiançailles;
    ∎ to break it off (with sb) rompre (avec qn);
    ∎ Italy had broken off diplomatic relations with Libya l'Italie avait rompu ses relations diplomatiques avec la Libye
    (door) enfoncer; (lock, safe, till) forcer; familiar (bottle of wine etc) ouvrir□, déboucher□ ;
    ∎ to break a desk open ouvrir un bureau en forçant la serrure
    (a) (begin → war, storm) éclater; (→ disease, fire) se déclarer; (→ fight) se déclencher
    ∎ to break out in spots or in a rash avoir une éruption de boutons;
    ∎ to break out in a sweat se mettre à transpirer;
    ∎ she broke out in a cold sweat elle s'est mise à avoir des sueurs froides
    (c) (escape) s'échapper;
    ∎ to break out from or of prison s'évader (de prison);
    ∎ we have to break out of this vicious circle il faut que nous sortions de ce cercle vicieux
    (bottle, champagne) ouvrir
    (sun) percer;
    ∎ I broke through the crowd je me suis frayé un chemin à travers la foule;
    ∎ the troops broke through enemy lines les troupes ont enfoncé les lignes ennemies;
    ∎ she eventually broke through his reserve elle a fini par le faire sortir de sa réserve
    percer; figurative & Military faire une percée;
    ∎ figurative his hidden feelings tend to break through in his writing ses sentiments cachés tendent à transparaître ou percer dans ses écrits
    (a) (divide up → rocks) briser, morceler; Law (→ property) morceler; (→ soil) ameublir; (→ bread, cake) partager;
    ∎ she broke the loaf up into four pieces elle a rompu ou partagé la miche en quatre;
    ∎ illustrations break up the text le texte est aéré par des illustrations
    (b) (destroy → house) démolir; (→ road) défoncer
    (c) (end → fight, party) mettre fin à, arrêter; Commerce & Law (→ conglomerate, trust) scinder, diviser; Commerce (→ company) scinder; Politics (→ coalition) briser, rompre; Administration (→ organization) dissoudre; (→ empire) démembrer; (→ family) séparer;
    ∎ his drinking broke up their marriage le fait qu'il buvait a brisé ou détruit leur mariage
    (d) (disperse → crowd) disperser;
    ∎ break it up! (people fighting or arguing) arrêtez!; (said by policeman) circulez!
    (e) familiar (distress) bouleverser, retourner;
    ∎ the news really broke her up la nouvelle l'a complètement bouleversée
    ∎ her stories really break me up! ses histoires me font bien marrer!
    (a) (split into pieces → road, system) se désagréger; (→ ice) craquer, se fissurer; (→ ship) se disloquer;
    ∎ the ship broke up on the rocks le navire s'est disloqué sur les rochers
    (b) (come to an end → meeting, party) se terminer, prendre fin; (→ partnership) cesser, prendre fin; (→ talks, negotiations) cesser;
    ∎ when the meeting broke up à l'issue ou à la fin de la réunion;
    ∎ their marriage broke up leur mariage n'a pas marché
    (c) (boyfriend, girlfriend) rompre;
    ∎ she broke up with her boyfriend elle a rompu avec son petit ami;
    ∎ they've broken up ils se sont séparés
    (d) (disperse → clouds) se disperser; (→ group) se disperser; (→ friends) se quitter, se séparer
    ∎ we break up for Christmas on the 22nd les vacances de Noël commencent le 22;
    ∎ when do we break up? quand est-ce qu'on est en vacances?
    (g) American familiar (laugh) se tordre de rire
    (a) (end association with → person, organization) rompre avec;
    ∎ the defeat caused many people to break with the party la défaite a poussé beaucoup de gens à rompre avec le parti
    (b) (depart from → belief, values) rompre avec;
    ∎ she broke with tradition by getting married away from her village elle a rompu avec la tradition en ne se mariant pas dans son village

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > break

  • 11 move

    mu:v
    1. verb
    1) (to (cause to) change position or go from one place to another: He moved his arm; Don't move!; Please move your car.) mover
    2) (to change houses: We're moving on Saturday.) trasladar
    3) (to affect the feelings or emotions of: I was deeply moved by the film.) conmover

    2. noun
    1) ((in board games) an act of moving a piece: You can win this game in three moves.) jugada, turno
    2) (an act of changing homes: How did your move go?) mudanza, traslado
    •
    - moveable
    - movement
    - movie
    - moving
    - movingly
    - get a move on
    - make a move
    - move along
    - move heaven and earth
    - move house
    - move in
    - move off
    - move out
    - move up
    - on the move
    move1 n
    1. traslado / mudanza
    2. jugada / turno
    it's your move es tu turno / te toca jugar a ti
    move2 vb
    1. mover / cambiar de sitio / apartar
    please move your car, it's in the way por favor, aparta tu coche, que está estorbando
    2. trasladar
    tr[mʊːv]
    1 (act of moving, movement) movimiento
    ■ one move and you're dead! ¡cómo te muevas, te mato!
    2 (to new home) mudanza; (to new job) traslado
    3 (in game) jugada; (turn) turno
    ■ whose move is it? ¿a quién le toca jugar?
    4 (action, step) paso, acción nombre femenino, medida; (decision) decisión nombre femenino; (attempt) intento
    1 (gen) mover; (furniture etc) cambiar de sitio, trasladar; (transfer) trasladar; (out of the way) apartar
    ■ you've moved the furniture! ¡habéis cambiado los muebles de sitio!
    ■ can we move the date of the meeting? ¿podemos cambiar la fecha de la reunión?
    ■ the car's badly parked, so I have to move it el coche está mal aparcado, así que tengo que cambiarlo de sitio
    ■ move your trolley, I can't get past aparta tu carrito, que no paso
    3 (in games) mover, jugar
    4 (prompt) inducir, mover; (persuade) convencer, persuadir; (change mind) hacer cambiar de opinión
    ■ what moved you to leave your job? ¿qué te convenció para dejar el trabajo?
    ■ when the spirit moves him cuando se le antoje, cuando le dé la gana, cuando esté de humor
    5 (resolution, motion, etc) proponer
    6 SMALLMEDICINE/SMALL (bowels) evacuar
    1 (gen) moverse; (change - position) trasladarse, desplazarse; (- house) mudarse; (- post, department) trasladarse
    2 (travel, go) ir
    3 (be moving) estar en marcha, estar en movimiento
    4 (leave) irse, marcharse
    ■ have you moved? ¿has jugado?
    6 (take action) tomar medidas, actuar
    ■ when is the government going to move? ¿cuándo piensa el gobierno tomar medidas?
    7 (advance) progresar, avanzar
    8 (change mind) cambiar de opinión; (yield) ceder
    ■ I've tried to persuade her, but she won't move he intentado persuadirla, pero no cede
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    to be on the move (travel - gen) viajar, desplazarse 2 (- army etc) estar en marcha 3 (be busy) no parar
    to get a move on darse prisa, moverse
    to get moving (leave) irse, marcharse
    to get something moving poner algo en marcha
    to make a move (leave) irse, marcharse 2 (act) dar un paso, actuar
    to make the first move dar el primer paso
    to move house mudarse de casa, trasladarse
    to move heaven and earth remover cielo y tierra
    to move with the times mantenerse al día
    not to move a muscle no inmutarse
    move ['mu:v] v, moved ; moving vi
    1) go: ir
    2) relocate: mudarse, trasladarse
    3) stir: moverse
    don't move!: ¡no te muevas!
    4) act: actuar
    move vt
    1) : mover
    move it over there: ponlo allí
    he kept moving his feet: no dejaba de mover los pies
    2) induce, persuade: inducir, persuadir, mover
    3) touch: conmover
    it moved him to tears: lo hizo llorar
    4) propose: proponer
    move n
    1) movement: movimiento m
    2) relocation: mudanza f (de casa), traslado m
    3) step: paso m
    a good move: un paso acertado
    n.
    • acción s.f.
    • jugada s.f.
    • lance s.m.
    • maniobra s.f.
    • movimiento s.m.
    • mudanza s.f.
    • paso s.m.
    • transposición s.f.
    v.
    • conmover v.
    • desalojar v.
    • desplazar v.
    • emocionar v.
    • impresionar v.
    • moverse v.
    • mudar v.
    • mudar de v.
    • remover v.
    • trasladar v.
    • traspasar v.
    muːv
    I
    1) ( movement) movimiento m

    she made a move to get up/for the door — hizo ademán de levantarse/ir hacia la puerta

    on the move: she's always on the move siempre está de un lado para otro; to get a move on — (colloq) darse* prisa, apurarse (AmL)

    2) ( change - of residence) mudanza f, trasteo m (Col); (- of premises) traslado m, mudanza f
    3)
    a) (action, step) paso m; ( measure) medida f

    what's the next move? — ¿cuál es el siguiente paso?, ¿ahora qué hay que hacer?

    to make the first move — dar* el primer paso

    b) (in profession, occupation)
    4) ( Games) movimiento m, jugada f

    whose move is it? — ¿a quién le toca mover or jugar?


    II
    1.
    1)

    he moved nearer the fire — se acercó or se arrimó al fuego

    to move to a new job/school — cambiar de trabajo/colegio

    b) (change location, residence) mudarse, cambiarse; see also move in, move out
    2) ( change position) moverse*

    don't you move, I'll answer the door — tú tranquilo, que voy yo a abrir la puerta

    3) (proceed, go)

    the procession/vehicle began to move — la procesión/el vehículo se puso en marcha

    we moved aside o to one side — nos apartamos, nos hicimos a un lado

    4) (advance, develop)

    to move with the times — mantenerse* al día

    5) ( carry oneself) moverse*
    6) ( go fast) (colloq) correr
    7) (take steps, act)
    8) ( Games) mover*, jugar*
    9) ( circulate socially) moverse*

    2.
    vt
    1) (transfer, shift position of)

    why have you moved the television? — ¿por qué has cambiado la televisión de sitio or de lugar?

    I can't move my leg/neck — no puedo mover la pierna/el cuello

    2)
    a) ( transport) transportar, trasladar
    b) (relocate, transfer) trasladar
    c) (change residence, location)

    to move house — (BrE) mudarse de casa

    3)
    a) ( arouse emotionally) conmover*, emocionar

    to move somebody to tears — hacer* llorar a alguien de la emoción

    b) ( prompt)

    to move somebody to + inf: this moved her to remonstrate — esto la indujo a protestar

    4) ( propose) (Adm, Govt) proponer*
    5) ( Games) mover*
    •
    Phrasal Verbs:
    [muːv]
    1. N
    1) (=movement) movimiento m

    • to watch sb's every move — observar a algn sin perder detalle, acechar a algn cada movimiento

    • to get a move on (with sth) * — (=hurry up) darse prisa or (LAm) apurarse (con algo)

    get a move on! * — ¡date prisa!, ¡apúrate! (LAm)

    • to make a move — (=start to leave, go) ponerse en marcha

    • to be on the move — (=travelling) estar de viaje; [troops, army] estar avanzando

    to be always on the move — [nomads, circus] andar siempre de aquí para allá; [animal, child] no saber estar quieto

    2) (in game) (=turn) jugada f

    whose move is it? — ¿a quién le toca jugar?

    it's my move — es mi turno, me toca a mí

    3) (fig) (=step, action)

    what's the next move? — ¿qué hacemos ahora?, y ahora ¿qué?

    • to make a move/the first move — dar un/el primer paso

    without making the least move to — + infin sin hacer la menor intención de + infin

    4) (=house removal) mudanza f ; (to different job) traslado m
    2. VT
    1) (=change place of) cambiar de lugar, cambiar de sitio; [+ part of body] mover; [+ chess piece etc] jugar, mover; (=transport) transportar, trasladar

    you've moved all my things! — ¡has cambiado de sitio todas mis cosas!

    can you move your fingers? — ¿puedes mover los dedos?

    • to move house — mudarse

    • move your chair nearer the fire — acerca or arrima la silla al fuego

    • move the cupboard out of the corner — saca el armario del rincón

    • he asked to be moved to London/to a new department — pidió el traslado a Londres/a otro departamento

    2) (=cause sth to move) mover

    the breeze moved the leaves gently — la brisa movía or agitaba dulcemente las hojas

    • to move one's bowels — hacer de vientre, evacuar

    • move those children off the grass! — ¡quite esos niños del césped!

    heaven
    3) (=change timing of)

    to move sth forward/back — [+ event, date] adelantar/aplazar algo

    4) (fig) (=sway)

    "we shall not be moved" — "no nos moverán"

    5) (=motivate)

    to move sb to do sth — mover or inducir a algn a hacer algo

    I'll do it when the spirit moves me — hum lo haré cuando sienta la revelación divina hum

    6) (emotionally) conmover, emocionar

    to be easily moved — ser impresionable, ser sensible

    to move sb to tears/anger — hacer llorar/enfadar a algn

    7) frm (=propose)

    to move that... — proponer que...

    8) (Comm) [+ merchandise] colocar, vender
    3. VI
    1) (gen) moverse

    move! — ¡muévete!, ¡menéate!

    don't move! — ¡no te muevas!

    • to move freely — [piece of machinery] tener juego; [person, traffic] circular libremente

    • I won't move from here — no me muevo de aquí

    • to move in high society — frecuentar la buena sociedad

    • let's move into the garden — vamos al jardín

    • keep moving! — ¡no te pares!; (order from traffic policeman) ¡circulen!

    • the procession moved slowly out of sight — la procesión avanzaba lentamente hasta que desapareció en la distancia

    • it's time we were moving — es hora de irnos

    • she moved to the next room — pasó a la habitación de al lado

    • he moved slowly towards the door — avanzó or se acercó lentamente hacia la puerta

    to move to or towards independence — avanzar or encaminarse hacia la independencia

    2) (=move house) mudarse, trasladarse

    • the family moved to a new house — la familia se mudó or se trasladó a una casa nueva

    to move to the country — mudarse or trasladarse al campo

    3) (=travel) ir; (=be in motion) estar en movimiento

    he was certainly moving! * — ¡iba como el demonio!

    4) (Comm) [goods] venderse
    5) (=progress)
    6) (in games) jugar, hacer una jugada

    who moves next? — ¿a quién le toca jugar?

    white moves — (Chess) blanco juega

    7) (=take steps) dar un paso, tomar medidas
    * * *
    [muːv]
    I
    1) ( movement) movimiento m

    she made a move to get up/for the door — hizo ademán de levantarse/ir hacia la puerta

    on the move: she's always on the move siempre está de un lado para otro; to get a move on — (colloq) darse* prisa, apurarse (AmL)

    2) ( change - of residence) mudanza f, trasteo m (Col); (- of premises) traslado m, mudanza f
    3)
    a) (action, step) paso m; ( measure) medida f

    what's the next move? — ¿cuál es el siguiente paso?, ¿ahora qué hay que hacer?

    to make the first move — dar* el primer paso

    b) (in profession, occupation)
    4) ( Games) movimiento m, jugada f

    whose move is it? — ¿a quién le toca mover or jugar?


    II
    1.
    1)

    he moved nearer the fire — se acercó or se arrimó al fuego

    to move to a new job/school — cambiar de trabajo/colegio

    b) (change location, residence) mudarse, cambiarse; see also move in, move out
    2) ( change position) moverse*

    don't you move, I'll answer the door — tú tranquilo, que voy yo a abrir la puerta

    3) (proceed, go)

    the procession/vehicle began to move — la procesión/el vehículo se puso en marcha

    we moved aside o to one side — nos apartamos, nos hicimos a un lado

    4) (advance, develop)

    to move with the times — mantenerse* al día

    5) ( carry oneself) moverse*
    6) ( go fast) (colloq) correr
    7) (take steps, act)
    8) ( Games) mover*, jugar*
    9) ( circulate socially) moverse*

    2.
    vt
    1) (transfer, shift position of)

    why have you moved the television? — ¿por qué has cambiado la televisión de sitio or de lugar?

    I can't move my leg/neck — no puedo mover la pierna/el cuello

    2)
    a) ( transport) transportar, trasladar
    b) (relocate, transfer) trasladar
    c) (change residence, location)

    to move house — (BrE) mudarse de casa

    3)
    a) ( arouse emotionally) conmover*, emocionar

    to move somebody to tears — hacer* llorar a alguien de la emoción

    b) ( prompt)

    to move somebody to + inf: this moved her to remonstrate — esto la indujo a protestar

    4) ( propose) (Adm, Govt) proponer*
    5) ( Games) mover*
    •
    Phrasal Verbs:

    English-spanish dictionary > move

  • 12 humedecer

    v.
    1 to moisten.
    2 to humidify, to damp, to moisten, to dampen.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ AGRADECER], like link=agradecer agradecer
    1 to moisten, dampen
    1 to become damp, become wet, become moist
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=mojar) [+ camisa, ropa] to moisten, dampen; [+ suelo, sello] to wet; [+ piel, labios] to moisten, wet
    2) [+ ambiente] to humidify
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo to moisten, dampen
    2.
    humedecersev pron to get damp
    * * *
    = wet, dab, dampen, moisten, damp, moisturise [moisturize, -USA].
    Ex. In the future pictures may need not be wetted at all.
    Ex. Meanwhile the other man got the ink ready -- it was simply a black oil paint -- and dabbed it over the face of the type when the press was open.
    Ex. At each rotation, one sheet of copy paper is fed into the machine where it is dampened with the spirit solvent.
    Ex. This causes spirit fluid to moisten the felt pad in the duplicator.
    Ex. Type was thrust deep into roughish paper which had been softened by damping.
    Ex. It thus provides all the benefits of the oil in the form of a soap, while at the same time moisturizing the skin.
    ----
    * humedecer con la lengua = lick.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo to moisten, dampen
    2.
    humedecersev pron to get damp
    * * *
    = wet, dab, dampen, moisten, damp, moisturise [moisturize, -USA].

    Ex: In the future pictures may need not be wetted at all.

    Ex: Meanwhile the other man got the ink ready -- it was simply a black oil paint -- and dabbed it over the face of the type when the press was open.
    Ex: At each rotation, one sheet of copy paper is fed into the machine where it is dampened with the spirit solvent.
    Ex: This causes spirit fluid to moisten the felt pad in the duplicator.
    Ex: Type was thrust deep into roughish paper which had been softened by damping.
    Ex: It thus provides all the benefits of the oil in the form of a soap, while at the same time moisturizing the skin.
    * humedecer con la lengua = lick.

    * * *
    humedecer [E3 ]
    vt
    to moisten, dampen
    humedecer la ropa para plancharla dampen the clothes before ironing them
    con un paño humedecido with a wet o damp cloth
    to get damp
    se le humedecieron los ojos his eyes filled with tears o ( liter) moistened
    * * *

    humedecer ( conjugate humedecer) verbo transitivo
    to moisten, dampen
    humedecerse verbo pronominal [paredes/ropa] to get damp
    humedecer verbo transitivo to moisten, dampen
    ' humedecer' also found in these entries:
    English:
    damp
    - dampen
    - hydrate
    - moisten
    - wet
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    to moisten;
    humedézcalo con un paño antes de pegarlo moisten with a damp cloth before sticking it on
    * * *
    v/t dampen
    * * *
    humedecer {53} vt
    1) : to humidify
    2) : to moisten, to dampen
    * * *
    humedecer vb to dampen

    Spanish-English dictionary > humedecer

  • 13 provocar

    v.
    1 to provoke.
    El golpe provocó su muerte The blow brought about her death.
    Sus comentarios provocaron al borracho His comments provoked the drunk.
    2 to cause, to bring about (causar) (accidente, muerte).
    provocar las iras de alguien to anger somebody
    provocó las risas de todos he made everyone laugh
    el polvo me provoca estornudos dust makes me sneeze
    3 to lead on (excitar sexualmente).
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ SACAR], like link=sacar sacar
    1 to provoke
    \
    provocar el parto to induce birth
    provocar un incendio (con intención) to commit arson 2 (sin intención) to cause a fire
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=causar) [+ protesta, explosión] to cause, spark off; [+ fuego] to cause, start (deliberately); [+ cambio] to bring about, lead to; [+ proceso] to promote
    2) [+ parto] to induce, bring on
    3) [+ persona] [gen] to provoke; (=incitar) to rouse, stir up (to anger); (=tentar) to tempt, invite

    ¡no me provoques! — don't start me!

    provocar a algn a cólera o indignación — to rouse sb to fury

    4) [sexualmente] to rouse
    2. VI
    1) LAm (=gustar, apetecer)

    ¿te provoca un café? — would you like a coffee?, do you fancy a coffee?

    ¿qué le provoca? — what would you like?, what do you fancy?

    no me provoca la idea — the idea doesn't appeal to me, I don't fancy the idea

    -¿por qué no vas? -no me provoca — "why aren't you going?" - "I don't feel like it"

    no me provoca estudiar hoy — I'm not in the mood for studying today, I don't feel like studying today

    2) * (=vomitar) to be sick, throw up *
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) < explosión> to cause; < incendio> to start; < polémica> to spark off, prompt
    b) (Med)

    provocar el parto — to induce labor*

    2) < persona> ( al enfado) to provoke; ( sexualmente) to lead... on
    2.
    provocar vi (Andes) ( apetecer)

    ¿le provoca un traguito? — do you want a drink?, do you fancy a drink? (BrE colloq)

    * * *
    = provoke, spark off, trigger, induce, bring on, elicit, instigate, tease, evoke, titillate, ignite, rouse, stir up, spark, twit, taunt, tantalise [tantalize, -USA], touch off, set off, hit + a (raw) nerve, strike + a nerve, bring about, precipitate, incite, touch + a (raw) nerve, give + rise to, give + cause to, give + occasion to.
    Ex. 3 different kinds of paper were deacidified by different aqueous and nonaqueous methods, and then treated to provoke accelerated attack of air pollutants.
    Ex. Like the librarians and the bookshop staff, the club members are catalysts who spark off that fission which will spread from child to child an awareness of books and the habit of reading them.
    Ex. Nevertheless, the fact that these general lists cannot serve for every application has triggered a search for more consistent approaches.
    Ex. Then, the reference librarian has better justification to buy and perhaps to induce others to contribute to the purchase.
    Ex. In frequent cases, unionization is brought on by the inept or irresponsible action of management.
    Ex. This article looks at ways in which librarians in leadership roles can elicit the motivation, commitment, and personal investment of members of the organisation.
    Ex. The first mass removal of material was instigated by the trade unions and although admitted in 1932 to have been a mistake, the purges proved difficult to stop.
    Ex. I like to be considered one of the team, to joke with and tease the employee but that sure creates a problem when I have to discipline, correct, or fire an employee.
    Ex. It is known that in ancient Rome the complexity of the administrative job evoked considerable development of management techniques.
    Ex. However, some of the central premises of the film are flawed, and the risqué touches, whether racial or erotic innuendo, are primarily there to titillate and make the film seem hot and controversial.
    Ex. In turn, that change ignited a body of literature that discussed those cataloguers' future roles.
    Ex. The spirit, if not the content, of Marx can be the joust to rouse the sleepy theory of academic sociology.
    Ex. The goal of this guidebook is to help writers activate their brains to stir up more and better ideas and details.
    Ex. The nineteenth century was, quite rightly, fearful of any system of spreading knowledge which might spark the tinder box of unrest.
    Ex. Don't be tempted into twitting me with the past knowledge that you have of me, because it is identical with the past knowledge that I have of you, and in twitting me, you twit yourself.
    Ex. The writer describes how he spent his school days avoiding bullies who taunted him because he was a dancer.
    Ex. He may have wished to tease and tantalize his readers by insoluble problems.
    Ex. This decision touched off a battle of wills between the library and the government as well as a blitz of media publicity.
    Ex. The dollar has been losing value, weakening its status as the world's major currency and setting off jitters in the international financial system.
    Ex. Based on their account, it seems obvious that Beauperthuy hit a raw nerve among some of the medical research leaders of the day.
    Ex. His plethoric prose produced by a prodigious placement of words struck a nerve.
    Ex. Untruth brings about ill reputation and indignity.
    Ex. What precipitated that furor was that Panizzi's volume represented a uncompromising rejection of the comfortable ideology of the finding catalog.
    Ex. It is illegal to operate websites inciting terrorism under the Terrorism Act.
    Ex. Obama's election seems to have touched a raw nerve in conservative white America, unleashing a torrent of right-wing rage unseen in this country.
    Ex. The method of indexing called post-coordinate indexing gives rise to physical forms of indexes which differ from the more 'traditional' catalogues mentioned above.
    Ex. That crucial evidence was withheld from the final report could give cause to bring charges of criminal negligence.
    Ex. Many soldiers took advantage of the impoverished conditions giving occasion to assaults, rapes and murders.
    ----
    * provocar cambios = wreak + changes.
    * provocar controversia = arouse + controversy.
    * provocar el debate = prompt + discussion, spark + debate, stir + debate.
    * provocar escarnio = evoke + response.
    * provocar estragos = create + havoc, wreak + havoc, cause + havoc.
    * provocar estragos en = play + havoc with.
    * provocar la controversia = court + controversy.
    * provocar la ira de Alguien = incur + Posesivo + wrath.
    * provocar menosprecio = evoke + scorn.
    * provocar sospechas = stir + suspicion.
    * provocar una crisis = precipitate + crisis.
    * provocar una guerra = ignite + war, precipitate + war.
    * provocar una protesta = call forth + protest.
    * provocar una reacción = cause + reaction, provoke + reaction.
    * provocar un ataque = provoke + attack.
    * provocar un cambio = bring about + change.
    * provocar un debate = ignite + debate.
    * provocar un diálogo = elicit + dialogue.
    * provocar un gran alboroto = make + a splash.
    * provocar un gran revuelo = set + the cat among the pigeons, put + the cat among the pigeons.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) < explosión> to cause; < incendio> to start; < polémica> to spark off, prompt
    b) (Med)

    provocar el parto — to induce labor*

    2) < persona> ( al enfado) to provoke; ( sexualmente) to lead... on
    2.
    provocar vi (Andes) ( apetecer)

    ¿le provoca un traguito? — do you want a drink?, do you fancy a drink? (BrE colloq)

    * * *
    = provoke, spark off, trigger, induce, bring on, elicit, instigate, tease, evoke, titillate, ignite, rouse, stir up, spark, twit, taunt, tantalise [tantalize, -USA], touch off, set off, hit + a (raw) nerve, strike + a nerve, bring about, precipitate, incite, touch + a (raw) nerve, give + rise to, give + cause to, give + occasion to.

    Ex: 3 different kinds of paper were deacidified by different aqueous and nonaqueous methods, and then treated to provoke accelerated attack of air pollutants.

    Ex: Like the librarians and the bookshop staff, the club members are catalysts who spark off that fission which will spread from child to child an awareness of books and the habit of reading them.
    Ex: Nevertheless, the fact that these general lists cannot serve for every application has triggered a search for more consistent approaches.
    Ex: Then, the reference librarian has better justification to buy and perhaps to induce others to contribute to the purchase.
    Ex: In frequent cases, unionization is brought on by the inept or irresponsible action of management.
    Ex: This article looks at ways in which librarians in leadership roles can elicit the motivation, commitment, and personal investment of members of the organisation.
    Ex: The first mass removal of material was instigated by the trade unions and although admitted in 1932 to have been a mistake, the purges proved difficult to stop.
    Ex: I like to be considered one of the team, to joke with and tease the employee but that sure creates a problem when I have to discipline, correct, or fire an employee.
    Ex: It is known that in ancient Rome the complexity of the administrative job evoked considerable development of management techniques.
    Ex: However, some of the central premises of the film are flawed, and the risqué touches, whether racial or erotic innuendo, are primarily there to titillate and make the film seem hot and controversial.
    Ex: In turn, that change ignited a body of literature that discussed those cataloguers' future roles.
    Ex: The spirit, if not the content, of Marx can be the joust to rouse the sleepy theory of academic sociology.
    Ex: The goal of this guidebook is to help writers activate their brains to stir up more and better ideas and details.
    Ex: The nineteenth century was, quite rightly, fearful of any system of spreading knowledge which might spark the tinder box of unrest.
    Ex: Don't be tempted into twitting me with the past knowledge that you have of me, because it is identical with the past knowledge that I have of you, and in twitting me, you twit yourself.
    Ex: The writer describes how he spent his school days avoiding bullies who taunted him because he was a dancer.
    Ex: He may have wished to tease and tantalize his readers by insoluble problems.
    Ex: This decision touched off a battle of wills between the library and the government as well as a blitz of media publicity.
    Ex: The dollar has been losing value, weakening its status as the world's major currency and setting off jitters in the international financial system.
    Ex: Based on their account, it seems obvious that Beauperthuy hit a raw nerve among some of the medical research leaders of the day.
    Ex: His plethoric prose produced by a prodigious placement of words struck a nerve.
    Ex: Untruth brings about ill reputation and indignity.
    Ex: What precipitated that furor was that Panizzi's volume represented a uncompromising rejection of the comfortable ideology of the finding catalog.
    Ex: It is illegal to operate websites inciting terrorism under the Terrorism Act.
    Ex: Obama's election seems to have touched a raw nerve in conservative white America, unleashing a torrent of right-wing rage unseen in this country.
    Ex: The method of indexing called post-coordinate indexing gives rise to physical forms of indexes which differ from the more 'traditional' catalogues mentioned above.
    Ex: That crucial evidence was withheld from the final report could give cause to bring charges of criminal negligence.
    Ex: Many soldiers took advantage of the impoverished conditions giving occasion to assaults, rapes and murders.
    * provocar cambios = wreak + changes.
    * provocar controversia = arouse + controversy.
    * provocar el debate = prompt + discussion, spark + debate, stir + debate.
    * provocar escarnio = evoke + response.
    * provocar estragos = create + havoc, wreak + havoc, cause + havoc.
    * provocar estragos en = play + havoc with.
    * provocar la controversia = court + controversy.
    * provocar la ira de Alguien = incur + Posesivo + wrath.
    * provocar menosprecio = evoke + scorn.
    * provocar sospechas = stir + suspicion.
    * provocar una crisis = precipitate + crisis.
    * provocar una guerra = ignite + war, precipitate + war.
    * provocar una protesta = call forth + protest.
    * provocar una reacción = cause + reaction, provoke + reaction.
    * provocar un ataque = provoke + attack.
    * provocar un cambio = bring about + change.
    * provocar un debate = ignite + debate.
    * provocar un diálogo = elicit + dialogue.
    * provocar un gran alboroto = make + a splash.
    * provocar un gran revuelo = set + the cat among the pigeons, put + the cat among the pigeons.

    * * *
    provocar [A2 ]
    vt
    A
    1 (causar, ocasionar) to cause
    un cigarrillo pudo provocar la explosión the explosion may have been caused by a cigarette
    una decisión que ha provocado violentas polémicas a decision which has sparked off o prompted violent controversy
    no se sabe qué provocó el incendio it is not known what started the fire
    2 ( Med):
    provocar el parto to induce labor*
    las pastillas le provocaron una reacción cutánea the pills caused o brought on a skin reaction
    el antígeno provoca la formación de anticuerpos the antigen stimulates the production of antibodies
    B ‹persona›
    1 (al enfado) to provoke
    2 (en sentido sexual) to lead … on
    ■ provocar
    vi
    ( Andes) (apetecer): ¿le provoca un traguito? do you want a drink?, do you fancy a drink? ( BrE colloq)
    ( refl):
    se disparó un tiro provocándose la muerte he shot (and killed) himself
    * * *

     

    provocar ( conjugate provocar) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) ‹ explosión› to cause;

    ‹ incendio› to start;
    ‹ polémica› to spark off, prompt;
    ‹ reacción› to cause
    b) (Med) ‹ parto› to induce

    2 ‹ persona› ( al enfado) to provoke;
    ( sexualmente) to lead … on
    verbo intransitivo (Andes) ( apetecer):
    ◊ ¿le provoca un traguito? do you want a drink?, do you fancy a drink? (BrE colloq)

    provocar verbo transitivo
    1 (causar) to cause: su decisión fue provocada por..., his decision was prompted by..., provocar un incendio, to start a fire
    2 (un parto, etc) to induce: tuvieron que provocarle el vómito, they had to make her vomit
    3 (irritar, enfadar) to provoke: no lo provoques, don't provoke him
    4 (la ira, etc) to rouse
    (un aplauso) to provoke
    5 (excitar el deseo sexual) to arouse, provoke

    ' provocar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    campanada
    - desatar
    - engendrar
    - hacer
    - motivar
    - organizar
    - pinchar
    - chulear
    - dar
    - meter
    - parto
    - reclamo
    - torear
    English:
    bait
    - bring
    - bring about
    - bring on
    - cause
    - excite
    - fight
    - incur
    - induce
    - instigate
    - invite
    - prompt
    - provoke
    - raise
    - rouse
    - roust
    - short-circuit
    - spark off
    - start
    - stir up
    - tease
    - trigger
    - disturbance
    - draw
    - elicit
    - evoke
    - short
    - spark
    - stir
    - taunt
    - whip
    - wreck
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [incitar] to provoke;
    ¡no me provoques! don't provoke me!
    2. [causar] [accidente, muerte] to cause;
    [incendio, rebelión] to start; [sonrisa, burla] to elicit;
    una placa de hielo provocó el accidente the accident was caused by a sheet of black ice;
    provocó las risas de todos he made everyone laugh;
    el polvo me provoca estornudos dust makes me sneeze;
    su actitud me provoca más lástima que otra cosa her attitude makes me pity her more than anything else
    3. [excitar sexualmente] to lead on;
    le gusta provocar a los chicos con su ropa she likes to tease the boys with her clothes
    ♦ vi
    Carib, Col, Méx Fam [apetecer]
    ¿te provoca ir al cine? would you like to go to the movies?, Br do you fancy going to the cinema?;
    ¿te provoca un vaso de vino? would you like a glass of wine?, Br do you fancy a glass of wine?;
    ¿qué te provoca? what would you like to do?, Br what do you fancy doing?
    * * *
    v/t
    1 cause
    2 el enfado provoke
    3 sexualmente lead on
    4 parto induce
    5
    :
    ¿te provoca un café? S.Am. how about a coffee?
    * * *
    provocar {72} vt
    1) causar: to provoke, to cause
    2) irritar: to provoke, to pique
    * * *
    1. (en general) to cause
    2. (incendio) to start
    3. (una persona) to provoke

    Spanish-English dictionary > provocar

  • 14 matter

    1. noun
    1) (affair) Angelegenheit, die

    matters — die Dinge

    that's another or a different matter altogether or quite another matter — das ist etwas ganz anderes

    and to make matters worse... — und was die Sache noch schlimmer macht/machte,...

    a/no matter for or of... — ein/kein Grund od. Anlass zu...

    it's a matter of complete indifference to me — es ist mir völlig gleichgültig

    3) (topic) Thema, das; Gegenstand, der
    4)

    a matter of... — (something that amounts to) eine Frage (+ Gen.)...; eine Sache von...

    it's a matter of taste/habit — das ist Geschmack- / Gewohnheitssache

    [only] a matter of time — [nur noch] eine Frage der Zeit

    it's just a matter of working harder — man muss sich ganz einfach [bei der Arbeit] mehr anstrengen

    in a matter of minutes — in wenigen Minuten

    Do you know him? - Yes, as a matter of fact, I do — Kennst du ihn? - Ja, ich kenne ihn tatsächlich

    5)

    what's the matter? — was ist [los]?

    is something the matter? — stimmt irgendetwas nicht?; ist [irgend]was (ugs.) ?

    6)
    7)

    no matter! — [das] macht nichts!

    no matter how/who/what/why — etc. ganz gleich od. egal (ugs.), wie/wer/was/warum usw.

    8) (material, as opposed to mind, spirit, etc.) Materie, die

    [in]organic/solid/vegetable matter — [an]organische/feste/pflanzliche Stoffe

    2. intransitive verb

    what does it matter? — was macht das schon?; was macht's? (ugs.)

    what matters is that... — worum es geht, ist...

    doesn't matter — [das] macht nichts (ugs.)

    it doesn't matter how/when — etc. es ist einerlei, wie/wann usw.

    does it matter to you if...? — macht es dir etwas aus, wenn...?

    the things which matter in life — [das,] worauf es im Leben ankommt

    * * *
    ['mætə] 1. noun
    1) (solids, liquids and/or gases in any form, from which everything physical is made: The entire universe is made up of different kinds of matter.) die Materie
    2) (a subject or topic (of discussion etc): a private matter; money matters.) die Angelegenheit
    3) (pus: The wound was infected and full of matter.) der Eiter
    2. verb
    (to be important: That car matters a great deal to him; It doesn't matter.) bedeuten
    - academic.ru/45646/matter-of-fact">matter-of-fact
    - be the matter
    - a matter of course
    - a matter of opinion
    - no matter
    - no matter who
    - what
    - where
    * * *
    mat·ter
    [ˈmætəʳ, AM -t̬ɚ]
    I. n
    1. no pl (material) Materie f; SCI [Grund-]Stoff m, Substanz f
    organic \matter organische Stoffe pl
    printed \matter Gedrucktes nt, Drucksache[n] f[pl]
    reading \matter Lesestoff m
    vegetable \matter pflanzliche Stoffe pl
    waste \matter MED Schlacken pl
    \matter in suspension Schwebstoffe pl
    \matter constant TECH Materialkonstante f
    2. (affair) Angelegenheit f, Sache f
    that's a different \matter das ist eine andere Sache
    it's a \matter of complete indifference to me das ist mir völlig egal
    this is a \matter for the police das sollte man der Polizei übergeben
    the \matter in [or AM at] hand die Angelegenheit [o Sache], um die es geht
    to get to the heart of the \matter zum Kern der Sache vordringen
    the truth [or fact] of the \matter is... in Wirklichkeit...
    a \matter of urgency etwas Dringendes
    to be no easy \matter doing sth nicht einfach sein, etw zu tun
    family \matters Familienangelegenheiten pl
    financial \matters pl Geldangelegenheiten pl, Geldsachen pl
    money \matters pl Geldangelegenheiten pl
    a personal \matter eine persönliche Angelegenheit [o Sache]
    in the \matter of... was... angeht
    the British are given pre-eminence in the \matter of tea was Tee angeht, da haben die Briten die Nase vorn
    3. no pl (question) Frage f
    it's simply a \matter of following the recipe/learning the rules man muss einfach nur das Rezept befolgen/die Regeln erlernen
    as a \matter of course selbstverständlich
    a \matter of fact eine Tatsache
    as a \matter of fact (by the way) übrigens, im Übrigen; (expressing agreement or disagreement) in der Tat
    have you got his address? — as a \matter of fact, I have hast du seine Adresse? — ja, die hab ich tatsächlich
    I suppose you're leaving soon? — no, as a \matter of fact, I'll be staying for another two weeks ich nehme an, Sie reisen bald ab? — keineswegs, in der Tat habe ich vor, noch zwei Wochen zu bleiben
    a \matter of form eine Formsache
    as a \matter of interest aus Interesse, interessehalber
    just as a \matter of interest, how much did you pay for it? ich frage nur aus Interesse, aber wie viel hast du dafür bezahlt?
    it's a \matter of life and [or or] death es geht um Leben und Tod
    that's a \matter of opinion das ist Ansichtssache
    a \matter of principle eine Frage des Prinzips
    a \matter of record eine Tatsache
    it's a \matter of record that... es ist allgemein bekannt, dass...
    a \matter of taste eine Geschmacksfrage
    a \matter of time eine Frage der Zeit
    4. no pl (topic) Thema nt
    the subject \matter of the book das Thema des Buches
    it's no laughing \matter das ist nicht zum Lachen
    that's another \matter das ist etwas anderes
    that's another \matter altogether [or quite another \matter] das ist [wieder] etwas völlig [o ganz] anderes
    to let the \matter drop etwas auf sich beruhen lassen; (in a conversation) das Thema fallenlassen
    5. (problem)
    is anything the \matter? stimmt etwas nicht?
    there's nothing the \matter es ist alles in Ordnung
    what's the \matter with you? was ist los mit dir?
    what's the \matter with asking for a pay rise? was ist so schlimm daran, um eine Gehaltserhöhung zu bitten?
    no \matter das macht nichts, [das ist] kein Problem
    no \matter, I'll go myself kein Problem, ich gehe selbst
    no \matter what was auch [immer] passiert
    we've got to get to the airport on time, no \matter what wir müssen pünktlich zum Flughafen kommen, egal wie
    no \matter what/when/who... ganz gleich [o egal], was/wann/wer...
    no \matter what you say, I won't leave him was du auch sagst, ich werde ihn nicht verlassen
    to pretend that nothing is the \matter so tun, als ob nichts wäre
    6.
    ▪ \matters pl (state of affairs) die Situation [o Lage]
    that's how \matters stand at the moment so sieht es im Moment aus
    \matters came to a head with her resignation mit ihrem Rücktritt spitzte sich die Lage dann noch zu
    to help \matters/make \matters worse die Lage verbessern/verschlimmern
    to make \matters worse, it then started to rain heavily zu allem Überfluss fing es auch noch an, in Strömen zu regnen
    to take \matters into one's own hands die Dinge selbst in die Hand nehmen
    7. no pl (amount)
    in a \matter of seconds he was by her side es dauerte nur Sekunden bis er bei ihr war
    it was all over in a \matter of minutes nach wenigen Minuten war alles vorbei
    it's only a \matter of a few dollars es geht nur um ein paar Dollars
    and then there's the little \matter of the 80 euros you owe me und dann ist da noch die Kleinigkeit von 80 Euro, die du mir schuldest
    8. LAW
    \matter of fact Tatfrage f
    \matter of law Rechtsfrage f
    9. TYPO Satzspiegel m fachspr
    10.
    ▶ not to mince \matter kein Blatt vor den Mund nehmen
    ▶ for that \matter eigentlich
    I don't like him, nor does Ann, for that \matter ich mag ihn nicht, und Ann mag ihn im Grunde auch nicht
    ▶ what \matter? ( dated) was macht das schon?
    II. vi
    1. (be of importance) von Bedeutung sein
    to him, animals \matter more than human beings ihm sind Tiere wichtiger als Menschen
    what \matters now is that... worauf es jetzt ankommt, ist, dass...
    that's the only thing that \matters das ist das Einzige, was zählt
    it really \matters to me das bedeutet mir wirklich etwas, das ist wirklich wichtig für mich
    ▪ it \matters that... es macht etwas aus, dass...
    ▪ it doesn't \matter das ist nicht wichtig
    I've spilt something on the carpet — it doesn't \matter ich habe etwas auf dem Teppich verschüttet — das macht nichts
    would you rather go on Wednesday or Thursday — it doesn't \matter möchten Sie lieber am Mittwoch oder am Donnerstag fahren — das ist mir egal
    it doesn't \matter what the guests wear es spielt keine Rolle, wie die Gäste angezogen sind
    it didn't \matter anything to them es war ihnen völlig egal
    ▪ it doesn't \matter if/that... es macht nichts [o fam ist egal], wenn/dass...
    it doesn't \matter how long your hair is as long as it's tidy es spielt keine Rolle, wie lang deine Haare sind, solange sie gepflegt sind
    people who \matter Leute von Einfluss
    2. ( rare) wound eitern
    * * *
    ['mtə(r)]
    1. n
    1) (= substance, not mind) die Materie

    organic/inorganic matter — organische/anorganische Stoffe pl

    2) (particular kind) Stoff m

    advertising matter — Reklame f, Werbung f

    3) (MED: pus) Eiter m
    4) (TYP) (= copy) Manuskript nt; (= type set up) Satz m
    5) (= content) Inhalt m

    the main matter of his speech was... — (der) Hauptgegenstand seiner Rede war...

    6) (= question, affair) Sache f, Angelegenheit f; (= topic) Thema nt, Stoff m

    in the matter of... — was... (+acc) anbelangt, hinsichtlich... (+gen)

    there's the matter of my expenses —

    it's no great matter — das macht nichts, das ist nicht so wichtig

    that's another matter altogether, that's a very different matter — das ist etwas völlig anderes

    it will be no easy matter (to)... — es wird nicht einfach sein, zu...

    it's a serious matter — das ist eine ernste Angelegenheit, die Sache ist ernst

    8)

    I haven't seen him for weeks, nor for that matter has anybody else —

    he wants to complain about it and for that matter, so do I — er will sich darüber beschweren und ich eigentlich auch

    9)

    a matter of — eine Frage (+gen), eine Sache von

    it's a matter of form/time — das ist eine Formsache/Zeitfrage or Frage der Zeit

    it's a matter of taste/opinion — das ist Geschmacks-/Ansichtssache

    it's a matter of adjusting this part exactly — es geht darum, dieses Teil genau einzustellen

    it's a matter of 10 miles from... —

    if it's just a matter of another 10 minutes, then I'll wait — wenn es sich nur noch um 10 Minuten handelt, dann warte ich solange

    it's not just a matter of increasing the money supply — es ist nicht damit getan, die Geldzufuhr zu erhöhen

    it's just a matter of trying harder — man muss sich ganz einfach etwas mehr anstrengen

    you should always take your passport with you as a matter of course — es sollte für Sie eine Selbstverständlichkeit sein, stets Ihren Pass bei sich zu haben

    10)

    I've decided to leave tomorrow, no matter what — ich gehe morgen, egal was passiert

    no matter how/what/when/where etc... — egal, wie/was/wann/wo etc...

    no matter how you do it — wie du es auch machst, egal, wie du es machst

    11)

    sth is the matter with sb/sth — etw ist mit jdm/etw los; (ill) etw fehlt jdm

    what's the matter? — was ist (denn) los?, was ist (denn)?

    what's the matter with you this morning? – nothing's the matter — was hast du denn heute Morgen? – gar nichts

    what's the matter with having a little fun? — was ist denn schon dabei, wenn man ein bisschen Spaß hat?

    something's the matter with the lights — mit dem Licht ist irgendetwas nicht in Ordnung

    as if nothing was the matter — als ob nichts (los) wäre

    2. vi

    it doesn't matter — (es or das) macht nichts, ist schon gut

    I forgot it, does it matter? – yes, it does matter —

    does it matter to you if I go? — macht es dir etwas aus, wenn ich gehe?

    doesn't it matter to you at all if I leave you? — macht es dir denn gar nichts aus, wenn ich dich verlasse?

    it doesn't matter to me what you do — es ist mir (ganz) egal, was du machst

    * * *
    matter [ˈmætə(r)]
    A s
    1. Materie f ( auch PHIL, PHYS), Material n, Substanz f, Stoff m:
    organic matter organische Substanz;
    gaseous matter gasförmiger Körper; → foreign 3
    2. a) PHYSIOL Substanz f: → gray matter
    b) MED Eiter m
    3. Sache f ( auch JUR), Angelegenheit f:
    this is an entirely different matter das ist etwas ganz anderes;
    the matter in ( oder at) hand die vorliegende Angelegenheit;
    a matter of convention eine Frage des Anstandes;
    a matter of course eine Selbstverständlichkeit;
    as a matter of course selbstverständlich, natürlich;
    a matter of discretion eine Ermessensfrage;
    a) eine Tatsache,
    b) JUR bes US eine (strittige) Tatfrage;
    as a matter of fact tatsächlich, eigentlich, ehrlich gesagt;
    a matter of form eine Formsache;
    as a matter of form der Form halber;
    matter in issue JUR Streitgegenstand m, Streitsache f;
    it is a matter of life and death es geht um Leben und Tod;
    as a matter of principle grundsätzlich, prinzipiell;
    it is a matter of finishing in time es geht darum, rechtzeitig fertig zu werden;
    a matter of taste (eine) Geschmackssache;
    a matter of time eine Frage der Zeit, eine Zeitfrage;
    for that matter eigentlich;
    a) hinsichtlich (gen),
    b) JUR in Sachen (A. gegen B.); → conscience Bes Redew, fact 1, laughing B 2, opinion 1
    4. pl (ohne Artikel) die Sache, die Dinge pl:
    a) die Sache schlimmer machen,
    b) (Redew) was die Sache noch schlimmer macht;
    carry matters too far es zu weit treiben;
    as matters stand wie die Dinge liegen, nach Lage der Dinge;
    matters were in a mess es war eine verfahrene Geschichte
    5. the matter die Schwierigkeit:
    what’s the matter? was ist los?, wo fehlts?;
    what’s the matter with it (with him)? was ist (los) damit (mit ihm)?;
    what’s the matter with having the occasional glass of wine? was ist (schon) dabei, wenn man ab und zu ein Glas Wein trinkt?;
    what’s the matter now? was ist denn jetzt schon wieder los?;
    there’s nothing the matter nichts ist los;
    no matter! es hat nichts zu sagen!, nichts von Bedeutung!;
    it’s no matter whether … es spielt keine Rolle, ob …;
    no matter what he says was er auch sagt; ganz egal, was er sagt;
    no matter who … gleichgültig oder ganz egal, wer …;
    it made no matter to him that … es machte ihm nichts aus, dass …
    it’s a matter of £5 es kostet 5 Pfund;
    in a matter of weeks in ein paar Wochen;
    a matter of three weeks ungefähr drei Wochen;
    it is only a matter of minutes till … es kann nur ein paar Minuten dauern, bis …;
    it was a matter of 5 minutes es dauerte nur 5 Minuten;
    in a matter of minutes in Minutenschnelle;
    in a matter of seconds in Sekundenschnelle;
    it’s a matter of common knowledge es ist allgemein bekannt
    7. Anlass m, Veranlassung f ( beide:
    for zu):
    a matter for reflection etwas zum Nachdenken
    8. (Ggs äußere Form)
    a) Stoff m, Thema n, (behandelter) Gegenstand, Inhalt m (eines Buches etc)
    b) (innerer) Gehalt, Substanz f:
    strong in matter but weak in style inhaltlich stark, aber stilistisch schwach;
    matter and manner Gehalt und Gestalt
    9. Literaturgeschichte: Sagenstoff m, -kreis m:
    matter of France matière de France (um Karl den Großen);
    matter of Britain Bretonischer Sagenkreis (um König Arthur)
    10. Material n, Stoff m, Unterlagen pl ( alle:
    for für, zu):
    11. Logik: Inhalt m (eines Satzes)
    12. Postsache f: → print A 3
    13. TYPO
    a) Manuskript n
    b) (Schrift)Satz m: → dead A 23, live2 A 13
    B v/i
    1. von Bedeutung sein (to für), darauf ankommen ( to sb jemandem):
    it doesn’t matter es macht nichts (aus), es tut nichts;
    it didn’t matter to them es machte ihnen nichts aus;
    it hardly matters to me es macht mir nicht viel aus;
    it little matters es spielt kaum eine Rolle, es ist ziemlich einerlei
    2. MED eitern
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) (affair) Angelegenheit, die

    that's another or a different matter altogether or quite another matter — das ist etwas ganz anderes

    and to make matters worse... — und was die Sache noch schlimmer macht/machte,...

    2) (cause, occasion)

    a/no matter for or of... — ein/kein Grund od. Anlass zu...

    3) (topic) Thema, das; Gegenstand, der
    4)

    a matter of... — (something that amounts to) eine Frage (+ Gen.)...; eine Sache von...

    it's a matter of taste/habit — das ist Geschmack- / Gewohnheitssache

    [only] a matter of time — [nur noch] eine Frage der Zeit

    it's just a matter of working harder — man muss sich ganz einfach [bei der Arbeit] mehr anstrengen

    Do you know him? - Yes, as a matter of fact, I do — Kennst du ihn? - Ja, ich kenne ihn tatsächlich

    5)

    what's the matter? — was ist [los]?

    is something the matter? — stimmt irgendetwas nicht?; ist [irgend]was (ugs.) ?

    6)
    7)

    no matter! — [das] macht nichts!

    no matter how/who/what/why — etc. ganz gleich od. egal (ugs.), wie/wer/was/warum usw.

    8) (material, as opposed to mind, spirit, etc.) Materie, die

    [in]organic/solid/vegetable matter — [an]organische/feste/pflanzliche Stoffe

    2. intransitive verb

    what does it matter? — was macht das schon?; was macht's? (ugs.)

    what matters is that... — worum es geht, ist...

    doesn't matter — [das] macht nichts (ugs.)

    it doesn't matter how/when — etc. es ist einerlei, wie/wann usw.

    does it matter to you if...? — macht es dir etwas aus, wenn...?

    the things which matter in life — [das,] worauf es im Leben ankommt

    * * *
    n.
    Angelegenheit f.
    Gegenstand m.
    Grund ¨-e m.
    Materie -n f.
    Sache -n f.

    English-german dictionary > matter

  • 15 bálsamo

    m.
    1 balsam, balm, salve, Bals..
    2 balm, alleviation.
    * * *
    1 balsam, balm
    2 figurado comfort
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=sustancia) balsam, balm
    2) (=consuelo) balm, comfort
    3) Cono Sur [de pelo] hair conditioner
    * * *
    a) (Farm, Med) balsam, balm
    b) (Chi) ( para el pelo) conditioner
    * * *
    = balm, salve, balsam, oil.
    Ex. The primary aim was to identify chemists who are experts in the agricultural production of plants and their varietal selection and the extraction of oils and balms from these plants.
    Ex. 'Catching 10' while the supervisor is looking the other way is both a salve to the tired body & a little act of opposition.
    Ex. Balsam is used topically for scabies, prurigo, and pruritus as well as taken internally for bronchitis and to lessen mucous secretions.
    Ex. Plaster was mixed with water and poured over the type, and allowed to set; when it had hardened it was lifted off the page (the oil preventing it from sticking to the type), and baked hard in an oven.
    ----
    * bálsamo de eucalipto = eucalyptus oil.
    * bálsamo labial = lip balm.
    * bálsamo para frotar = rubbing oil.
    * * *
    a) (Farm, Med) balsam, balm
    b) (Chi) ( para el pelo) conditioner
    * * *
    = balm, salve, balsam, oil.

    Ex: The primary aim was to identify chemists who are experts in the agricultural production of plants and their varietal selection and the extraction of oils and balms from these plants.

    Ex: 'Catching 10' while the supervisor is looking the other way is both a salve to the tired body & a little act of opposition.
    Ex: Balsam is used topically for scabies, prurigo, and pruritus as well as taken internally for bronchitis and to lessen mucous secretions.
    Ex: Plaster was mixed with water and poured over the type, and allowed to set; when it had hardened it was lifted off the page (the oil preventing it from sticking to the type), and baked hard in an oven.
    * bálsamo de eucalipto = eucalyptus oil.
    * bálsamo labial = lip balm.
    * bálsamo para frotar = rubbing oil.

    * * *
    1 ( Farm, Med) balsam, balm
    actuó como un bálsamo para su espíritu it acted like a balm on o had a soothing effect on his spirit
    2 ( Chi) (para el pelo) conditioner
    Compuesto:
    bálsamo labial or para labios
    lip balm, lip salve ( BrE)
    * * *

    bálsamo sustantivo masculino
    a) (Farm, Med) balsam, balm


    bálsamo sustantivo masculino balsam, balm
    fig (consuelo) sus palabras fueron un bálsamo para nosotros, her words had a soothing effect on us
    ' bálsamo' also found in these entries:
    English:
    balm
    - conditioner
    - lip
    - salve
    * * *
    1. [medicamento] balsam
    2. [alivio] balm;
    3. CSur [para pelo] conditioner
    * * *
    m balsam
    * * *
    : balsam, balm

    Spanish-English dictionary > bálsamo

  • 16 LÍÐA

    I)
    (lið; leið, liðum; liðinn), v.
    1) to go, pass, glide (er skipit leið fram hjá flotanum);
    líða e-m ór hug, to pass out of one’s memory;
    2) to pass by, go past (er þeir liðu nesit);
    impers., en er líðr Euphrates á (acc.), when one has passed the E.;
    sem leið jóladaginn, as the Yule-day passed;
    þá (or þegar) er e-n líðr, when a person is omitted, passed over;
    Úlfr jarl var ríkastr í Danmörku, þegar er konung leið, next to the king;
    3) to pass away, elapse, of time (eigi munu margir vetur líða áðr en þér munuð þessa iðrast);
    at liðnum vetri, when the winter had passed;
    liðinn, dead, deceased;
    at liðinn fylki, after my lord’s death;
    4) impers. with dat., nú líðr, svá dögum, at, the days draw on;
    þá var liðit degi, the day was far spent;
    5) to go on, take place;
    ek vil vita, hvat þeim líðr, how they are getting on;
    ok sér, hvat leið drykkinum, and sees, how it had gone with his drinking;
    6) with preps. and advs.:
    líða af e-u, to depart from;
    líða af heimi, to depart this life;
    líða af, to pass away (líðr af vetrinn = líðr fram vetrinn);
    impers., líða at e-u, to approach, draw near;
    en er at leið jólunum, when it drew nigh Yule;
    líða at e-m, faintness comes over one;
    nú tók at líða at Ölvi, O. began to get drunk;
    G. tók sótt, en er at honum leið, when he was far spent, near his end;
    líðr at mætti e-s, one’s strength gives way;
    impers., líðr á e-t, the time draws to a close;
    ok er á leið daginn, when the day was far spent;
    at áliðnu, in the latter part of a time (um haustit at áliðnu);
    at áliðnum vetri, towards the end of the winter;
    líða fram, to pass away, wear on (ok er várit leið fram);
    also impers., líðr fram e-u = e-t líðr fram (er fram leið nóttinni ok dró at degi);
    to advance, proceed (Egill tók at hressast svá sem fram leið at yrkja kvæðit);
    impers., þá er frá líðr, when time passes on;
    láta e-t hjá sér líða, to let it pass by unheeded;
    impers., líðr í mót e-u = líðr at e-u (nú líðr í mót jólum);
    líða um e-t, to pass by (eigi hœfir þá hluti um at líða, er);
    hann spurði, hvat liði um kvæðit, he asked how the poem was getting on;
    líða undan, to slip off, pass by;
    líða undir lok, to pass away, die, perish;
    líða yfir e-n, to pass over, happen to, befall (mart mun yfir þik líða);
    eitt skal yfir oss alla líða, we shall all share the same fate.
    (líddi), v., rare, = prec.
    * * *
    pres. líð (líð’k, Edda); pret. leið; 2nd pers. leitt, mod. leiðst; pl. liðu; subj. liði; imperat. líð, líddu; part. liðinn; a weak pret. líddi occurs, Am. 50, Pr. 438, Ó. H. 167, Mirm. 167: [Ulf. ga-leiþan = ἔρχεσθαι; A. S. lîðan; O. H. G. lîdan; Engl. lithe; Germ. and Engl. glide.]
    A. Loc. to go, pass, move, with the notion to glide, slip, of ships, passage through the air, riding, sliding on ice, and the like; ok er skipit leið fram hjá flotanum, Hkr. ii. 54: er lauss Loki líðr or böndum, Vtkv. 15; baðtu heilan líða, thou badest him fare (speed) well, Ó. H. (in a verse); áðr héðan líðir, ere thou passest from here, Fas. i. 519 (in a verse); líða yfir úrig fjöll, Hðm. 11; líða lönd yfir, Gsp.; hvat þar ferr, eða at lopti líðr?—Né ek ferr, þó ek flýg, ok at lopti líð’k, Edda (in a verse); líðandi ( sliding) um langan veg, Vkv. 8; hverjar ‘ro þær meyjar er líða mar yfir, Vþm. 48, (mar-líðendr, q. v. = sea gliders); nú viltusk hundarnir farsins þegar þeir liðu at honum, Hom. 120; ok er skipit leið fram hjá flotanum, Hkr. ii. 57; líða hægt og hægt, of a vapour, of a ghost in tales, and the like.
    II. even used as transitive, to pass, pass by, esp. as a naut. term; hann um leið ( passed by) Israels sona hús, Stj. 281; ok er þeir liðu nesit, when they slipped by the ness, Fms. ix. 503, v. l.; ok er þeir líðu ( passed through) Frekeyjar-sund, Fb. iii. 85.
    III. impers., en er líðr Euphrates-á (acc.), when one passes the Euphrates, Hb. (1865) 8; meðan at leið boðanum, þá rak skipið ákafliga, ok svá síðan boðana leið, when the breakers were passed by, Fb. iii. 85:—metaph., hann var einnhverr mestr maðr ok ríkastr í Danmörku, þegar er konunginn líðr sjálfan, i. e. the greatest man in Denmark next to the king, Fms. xi. 51; Úlfr var maðr ríkastr í Danmörku þegar er konung líddi, Ó. H. 167; hann var einna mestr höfðingi er konunga líddi, Pr. 438.
    IV. in prose the word is esp. freq. in a metaph. sense; líðr at e-m, faintness comes over one; nú tók at líða at Ölvi, O. began to get drunk, Eg. 213; but esp. of one in his last gasp, to be slipping away; Guthormr tók sótt, en er at honum leið, sendi hann menn á fund Haralds konungs, 118; Örlygr tók sótt, ok er at honum tók at líða, Eb. 160; leið þá bæði at kuldi ok mæði, he fainted away from cold and exhaustion, Fms. ix. 24; nú líðr opt at barni ( the infant may suddenly faint away) á vegum úti, svá at hætt er við dauða, N. G. L. i. 339; líðr at mætti e-s, one grows faint, Fms. viii. 258, Sturl. iii. 77, Bs. i. 819:—líða af, to pass; en er ljósit leið af, sá þeir hvergi Ólaf konung, Fms. ii. 332:—þá er hugr líðr ór brjósti manns, Mar.; liða ór huga e-m, to slip out of one’s mind, Fms. ii. 266, vi. 272; líða ór minni, to forget:—líða undan. to slip off, pass by, K. Á. 222, Fms. xi. 108:—líða um, to pass by, leave; margir eru þér betri helgir menn, ek liðu vér um þá, and yet we pass them by, 655 xiv, B. 2; eigi hæfir þá hluti um at liða, er …, Fms. x. 314: ellipt., því látu vér þat líða, at eigi verðr allt ritað, viii. 406, v. l.:—þó lætr konungr þetta hjá sér líða, he lets it pass by unheeded, xi. 60:—líða undir lok, to pass away, die, perish, Nj. 156, Sturl. ii. 113:—líða yfir, to pass over, happen, come to pass; hann er vinsæll ok ungr at aldri, mun fátt yfir liðit, Hkr. iii. 254; Ólafr sagði honum allt um ferðir sínar, þat er yfir hann hafði liðit, O. told him all that had come to pass, Fms. i. 79; eitt skal yfir oss liða alla, one fate shall befall us all, Nj. 191: of sleep, liðr yfir hann léttr höfgi, Th. 77: hann spurdi hvat liði um kvæðit, he asked how it went on with the poem, Eg. 420; also, hvað líðr kvæðinu? fréttir hann nú hvat liði bónorðs-málum, Ld. 92; hvat mun nú líða, ef þú tekr kerti þitt? Fb. i. 358; hvat líðr um mál Odds sonar míns? Band. 5; síðan hón leið ór mestri barnæsku, passed out of her early youth, Hom. 122; svefnhöfgi leið á hann, Fms. vi. 229: to swoon, metaphor prob. from the belief that some evil spirit passed over one’s head, það leið yfir hana, she swooned; also, líða í ómegin, to fall into a swoon, to faint, Fas. iii. 441.
    B. Temp. to pass; líðr nú várit, Nj. 74; liðu svá þau misseri, 94; líðr af vetrinn, Eg. 340; ok er várit leið fram, 467; lengra skaltú renna áðr vika sé liðin, 745; þaðan líða ellifu vetr, ár, Rb. 70; liðr nú sjá stund er þeir höfðu á kveðit, Ld. 266; líðr fram vetrinn, 298; Egill tók at hressask svá sem fram leið at yrkja kvæðit, 644; leið svá fram aðra þrjá vetr, Fms. i. 57; liðu nú svá fram stundir, xi. 84.
    2. with prepp.; þegar frá líðr, in the course of time, after a while; hón nærðisk svá sem frá leið, Fms. vi. 353; þvíat at því verðr spurt, hverr kvað, þegar frá líðr ( when time passes on), en eigi hversu lengi var at verit, Skálda 160; en er at leið Jólunum, when it drew nigh Yule, Fms. i. 36; ok er leið at þeirri stundu, Ld. 308; eigi líðr langt héðan, áðr, Fms. xi. 84; nú líðr í mót Jólum, iv. 82.
    II. impers., líða á e-t, the time draws to a close, is far spent; ok er á leið daginn, Eg. 93; unz miðjan dag líddi, Am. 50; nú líddi fram nökkurar stundir, Mirm. 167; ok er á leið um kveldit, Eg. 206; er leið á várit (acc.), Nj. 12; nú liðr á sumarit til átta vikna, 93; þeir sváfu til þess er á leið nóttina, Ld. 44; en er á líðr daginn, 76; ok er á leið dag, úmætti konung, Fms. i. 46; en nú er á stundina líðr, x. 404; þá er á leið upp, towards the close of his life, 418; til þess er líðr fimmta dag viku, Grág. i. 142; þá er upp leið á æfi konunga, Rb. 388.
    2. with dat.; nú líðr svá dögum, at …, the days draw on, Fms. xi. 422; hans lífdögum leið mjök fram, Stj. 134; sögðu at þá var liðit degi, the day was far spent, Fms. ix. 299; ok er fram leið nóttinni, x. 271; hann segir at tímanum liði, Bs. i. 910: of other things, er fram tók at líða smíðinni, Fb. ii. 463: freq. in mod. usage, hvað líðr þér? hvað líðr þessu? i. e. how goes it with it? how far have you got on? as also, hvernig líðr þér, how goes it with you? how do you do? answer, mér líðr, vel, bæriliga, ílla, and the like.
    III. part., at áliðnu, in the latter part of a time; at áliðnum vetri, degi, towards the end of the winter, Ld. 234; um haustið at áliðnu, Fms. iv. 286; ok er svá var liðit ( the time was so far gone) bjósk Egill til ferðar, Eg. 394.
    IV. part. líðandi, passing, fleeting:—pass. liðinn, past, dead, deceased; at liðinn fylki, Hkv. Hjörv. 42; hjá oss liðnum, Hkv. 2. 44: in mod. usage, of one who has just ceased to breathe, hann er liðinn, liðinn líkami, Pass. 17. 26: in allit., lífs og liðinn, living and lifeless, i. e. in life and in death: dead, dæmi liðinna feðra, Hom. 85; sælli væri liðnir en lifendr, the dead is more blessed than the living, Bs. i. 724: allit., hann er liðinn sem ljós, he is gone out like a light, i. e. quite gone.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > LÍÐA

  • 17 Salazar, Antônio de Oliveira

    (1889-1970)
       The Coimbra University professor of finance and economics and one of the founders of the Estado Novo, who came to dominate Western Europe's longest surviving authoritarian system. Salazar was born on 28 April 1889, in Vimieiro, Beira Alta province, the son of a peasant estate manager and a shopkeeper. Most of his first 39 years were spent as a student, and later as a teacher in a secondary school and a professor at Coimbra University's law school. Nine formative years were spent at Viseu's Catholic Seminary (1900-09), preparing for the Catholic priesthood, but the serious, studious Salazar decided to enter Coimbra University instead in 1910, the year the Braganza monarchy was overthrown and replaced by the First Republic. Salazar received some of the highest marks of his generation of students and, in 1918, was awarded a doctoral degree in finance and economics. Pleading inexperience, Salazar rejected an invitation in August 1918 to become finance minister in the "New Republic" government of President Sidónio Pais.
       As a celebrated academic who was deeply involved in Coimbra University politics, publishing works on the troubled finances of the besieged First Republic, and a leader of Catholic organizations, Sala-zar was not as modest, reclusive, or unknown as later official propaganda led the public to believe. In 1921, as a Catholic deputy, he briefly served in the First Republic's turbulent congress (parliament) but resigned shortly after witnessing but one stormy session. Salazar taught at Coimbra University as of 1916, and continued teaching until April 1928. When the military overthrew the First Republic in May 1926, Salazar was offered the Ministry of Finance and held office for several days. The ascetic academic, however, resigned his post when he discovered the degree of disorder in Lisbon's government and when his demands for budget authority were rejected.
       As the military dictatorship failed to reform finances in the following years, Salazar was reinvited to become minister of finances in April 1928. Since his conditions for acceptance—authority over all budget expenditures, among other powers—were accepted, Salazar entered the government. Using the Ministry of Finance as a power base, following several years of successful financial reforms, Salazar was named interim minister of colonies (1930) and soon garnered sufficient prestige and authority to become head of the entire government. In July 1932, Salazar was named prime minister, the first civilian to hold that post since the 1926 military coup.
       Salazar gathered around him a team of largely academic experts in the cabinet during the period 1930-33. His government featured several key policies: Portuguese nationalism, colonialism (rebuilding an empire in shambles), Catholicism, and conservative fiscal management. Salazar's government came to be called the Estado Novo. It went through three basic phases during Salazar's long tenure in office, and Salazar's role underwent changes as well. In the early years (1928-44), Salazar and the Estado Novo enjoyed greater vigor and popularity than later. During the middle years (1944—58), the regime's popularity waned, methods of repression increased and hardened, and Salazar grew more dogmatic in his policies and ways. During the late years (1958-68), the regime experienced its most serious colonial problems, ruling circles—including Salazar—aged and increasingly failed, and opposition burgeoned and grew bolder.
       Salazar's plans for stabilizing the economy and strengthening social and financial programs were shaken with the impact of the civil war (1936-39) in neighboring Spain. Salazar strongly supported General Francisco Franco's Nationalist rebels, the eventual victors in the war. But, as the civil war ended and World War II began in September 1939, Salazar's domestic plans had to be adjusted. As Salazar came to monopolize Lisbon's power and authority—indeed to embody the Estado Novo itself—during crises that threatened the future of the regime, he assumed ever more key cabinet posts. At various times between 1936 and 1944, he took over the Ministries of Foreign Affairs and of War (Defense), until the crises passed. At the end of the exhausting period of World War II, there were rumors that the former professor would resign from government and return to Coimbra University, but Salazar continued as the increasingly isolated, dominating "recluse of São Bento," that part of the parliament's buildings housing the prime minister's offices and residence.
       Salazar dominated the Estado Novo's government in several ways: in day-to-day governance, although this diminished as he delegated wider powers to others after 1944, and in long-range policy decisions, as well as in the spirit and image of the system. He also launched and dominated the single party, the União Nacional. A lifelong bachelor who had once stated that he could not leave for Lisbon because he had to care for his aged mother, Salazar never married, but lived with a beloved housekeeper from his Coimbra years and two adopted daughters. During his 36-year tenure as prime minister, Salazar engineered the important cabinet reshuffles that reflect the history of the Estado Novo and of Portugal.
       A number of times, in connection with significant events, Salazar decided on important cabinet officer changes: 11 April 1933 (the adoption of the Estado Novo's new 1933 Constitution); 18 January 1936 (the approach of civil war in Spain and the growing threat of international intervention in Iberian affairs during the unstable Second Spanish Republic of 1931-36); 4 September 1944 (the Allied invasion of Europe at Normandy and the increasing likelihood of a defeat of the Fascists by the Allies, which included the Soviet Union); 14 August 1958 (increased domestic dissent and opposition following the May-June 1958 presidential elections in which oppositionist and former regime stalwart-loyalist General Humberto Delgado garnered at least 25 percent of the national vote, but lost to regime candidate, Admiral Américo Tomás); 13 April 1961 (following the shock of anticolonial African insurgency in Portugal's colony of Angola in January-February 1961, the oppositionist hijacking of a Portuguese ocean liner off South America by Henrique Galvão, and an abortive military coup that failed to oust Salazar from office); and 19 August 1968 (the aging of key leaders in the government, including the now gravely ill Salazar, and the defection of key younger followers).
       In response to the 1961 crisis in Africa and to threats to Portuguese India from the Indian government, Salazar assumed the post of minister of defense (April 1961-December 1962). The failing leader, whose true state of health was kept from the public for as long as possible, appointed a group of younger cabinet officers in the 1960s, but no likely successors were groomed to take his place. Two of the older generation, Teotónio Pereira, who was in bad health, and Marcello Caetano, who preferred to remain at the University of Lisbon or in private law practice, remained in the political wilderness.
       As the colonial wars in three African territories grew more costly, Salazar became more isolated from reality. On 3 August 1968, while resting at his summer residence, the Fortress of São João do Estoril outside Lisbon, a deck chair collapsed beneath Salazar and his head struck the hard floor. Some weeks later, as a result, Salazar was incapacitated by a stroke and cerebral hemorrhage, was hospitalized, and became an invalid. While hesitating to fill the power vacuum that had unexpectedly appeared, President Tomás finally replaced Salazar as prime minister on 27 September 1968, with his former protégé and colleague, Marcello Caetano. Salazar was not informed that he no longer headed the government, but he never recovered his health. On 27 July 1970, Salazar died in Lisbon and was buried at Santa Comba Dão, Vimieiro, his village and place of birth.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Salazar, Antônio de Oliveira

  • 18 ὄνομα

    ὄνομα, ατος, τό (Hom.+).
    ① proper name of an entity, name
    ⓐ gener. τῶν ἀποστόλων τὰ ὀνόματα ἐστιν ταῦτα Mt 10:2; cp. Rv 21:14. τῶν παρθένων τὰ ὀν. Hs 9, 15, 1. τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ πατρός Lk 1:59. ὄν. μοι, sc. ἐστίν, my name is (Od. 9, 366) Mk 5:9b. τί ὄν. σοι; what is your name? vs. 9a; w. copula Lk 8:30.—The expressions ᾧ (ᾗ) ὄν., οὗ τὸ ὄν., καὶ τὸ ὄν. αὐτοῦ (αὐτῆς), ὄν. αὐτῷ (parenthetic) are almost always without the copula (B-D-F §128, 3; Rob. 395): ᾧ (ᾗ) ὄν. (Sb 7573, 13 [116 A.D.]; Demetr.: 722 Fgm. 1, 5 Jac.; Just., A I, 53, 8 ᾧ ὄν. Λώτ) Lk 1:26, 27a; 2:25; 8:41; 24:13, 18 v.l.; Ac 13:6.—οὗ τὸ ὄν. (without a verb as BGU 344, 1) Mk 14:32. Cp. ὧν τὰ ὀνόματα ἐν βίβλῳ ζωῆς Phil 4:3 (ὧν τὰ ὀν. is a formula [Dssm., LO 95=LAE 121]. S. esp. BGU 432 II, 3 ὧν τὰ ὀν. τῷ βιβλιδίῳ δεδήλωται).—καὶ τὸ ὄν. αὐτῆς Lk 1:5b. καὶ τὸ ὄν. τῆς παρθένου Μαριάμ vs. 27b.—ὄν. αὐτῷ (Demosth. 32, 11 Ἀριστοφῶν ὄνομʼ αὐτῷ; Dionys. Hal. 8, 89, 4; Aelian, NA 8, 2 γυνὴ … Ἡρακληὶς ὄν. αὐτῇ; LXX) J 1:6; 3:1. ὁ καθήμενος ἐπάνω αὐτοῦ (i.e. τοῦ ἵππου), ὄν. αὐτῷ (ὁ) θάνατος Rv 6:8; cp. 9:11a.—W. the copula ἦν δὲ ὄν. τῷ δούλῳ Μάλχος J 18:10 (POxy 465, 12 ὁ δὲ κραταιὸς αὐτοῦ, ὄν. αὐτῷ ἐστιν Νεβύ, μηνύει; Jos., Ant. 19, 332). ἄγγελος …, οὗ τὸ ὄν. ἐστιν Θεγρί Hv 4, 2, 4.—The dat. is quite freq. ὀνόματι named, by name (X., Hell. 1, 6, 29 Σάμιος ὀνόματι Ἱππεύς; Tob 6:11 BA; 4 Macc 5:4; Just., D. 85, 6; 115, 3; B-D-F §160; 197; Rob. 487) ἄνθρωπον ὀν. Σίμωνα Mt 27:32; cp. Mk 5:22; Lk 1:5a; 5:27; 10:38; 16:20; 23:50; 24:18; Ac 5:1, 34; 8:9; 9:10–12, 33, 36; 10:1; 11:28; 12:13; 16:1, 14; 17:34; 18:2, 7, 24; 19:24; 20:9; 21:10; 27:1; 28:7; MPol 4. Also the acc. τοὔνομα (on the crasis s. B-D-F §18; Mlt-H. 63; FPreisigke, Griech. Urkunden des ägypt. Mus. zu Kairo [1911] 2, 6 γυνὴ Ταμοῦνις τοὔνομα; Diod S 2, 45, 4 πόλιν τοὔνομα Θ.; Lucian, Dial. Deor. 3; Philo, Leg. All. 1, 68; Jos., Ant. 7, 344, Vi. 382) named, by name (the acc. as X. et al., also 2 Macc 12:13; Demetr.: 722 Fgm. 1, 5 Jac. υἱὸν ὄ. Δάν.—B-D-F §160; Rob. 487) Mt 27:57. (Cp. ὄν. gener. as ‘mode of expression’ εἰ καὶ διάφορα ὀνόματα ἐστιν, ἀλλʼ … οἰκείαν … δέχεται τὴν νόησιν although there are various ways of expressing it, it nevertheless has a definite sense Did., Gen. 86, 22 [of various metaphors and images for the soul].)
    ⓑ used w. verbs
    α. as their obj.: ὄν. ἔχειν Did., Gen. 29, 6 bear the name or as name, be named ὄν. ἔχει Ἀπολλύων Rv 9:11b (in this case the name Ἀ. stands independently in the nom.; B-D-F §143; Rob. 458). καλεῖν τὸ ὄν. τινος w. the name foll. in the acc. (after the Hb.; B-D-F §157, 2; Rob. 459) καλέσεις τὸ ὄν. αὐτοῦ Ἰησοῦν you are to name him Jesus Mt 1:21; Lk 1:31.—Mt 1:25. καλέσεις τὸ ὄν. αὐτοῦ Ἰωάννην Lk 1:13. καλέσουσιν τὸ ὄν. αὐτοῦ Ἐμμανουήλ Mt 1:23 (Is 7:14). διδόναι GJs 6:2. Pass. w. the name in the nom. (cp. GrBar 6:10 Φοῖνιξ καλεῖται τὸ ὄν. μου) ἐκλήθη τὸ ὄν. αὐτοῦ Ἰησοῦς Lk 2:21; cp. Rv 19:13. Also τὸ ὄν. τοῦ ἀστέρος λέγεται ὁ ῎ Αψινθος Rv 8:11.—ἐπιθεῖναι ὄν. τινι w. acc. of the name Mk 3:16f; cp. 12:8f; κληρονομεῖν ὄν. receive a name Hb 1:4=1 Cl 36:2. κληροῦσθαι τὸ αὐτὸ ὄν. obtain the same name (s. κληρόω 2) MPol 6:2.—τὰ ὀν. ὑμῶν ἐγγέγραπται ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς Lk 10:20.—Rv 13:8; 17:8. ἐξαλείψω τὸ ὄν. αὐτῶν 1 Cl 53:3 (Dt 9:14); Rv 3:5a (perh. to be placed in 4 below); s. ἐξαλείφω.
    β. in another way (εἰ δέ τις ὀνόματι καλέσει but if anyone is so named Hippol., Ref. 6, 20, 2): ὸ̔ς καλεῖται τῷ ὀνόματι τούτῳ who is so named Lk 1:61. ἀνὴρ ὀνόματι καλούμενος Ζακχαῖος a man whose name was Zacchaeus 19:2. καλεῖν τι (i.e. παιδίον) ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματί τινος name someone after someone 1:59. Cp. IMg 10:1. This leads to
    ⓒ used w. prepositions: ἐξ ὀνόματος (Ctesias, Ind. p. 105 M.: Diod S 13, 15, 1; 37, 15, 2; Appian, Mithrid. 59, §243, Bell. Civ. 3, 21 §77; 4, 73 §310; PGM 4, 2973; Jos., Ant. 2, 275) by name, individually, one by one (so that no one is lost in the crowd) ἐξ ὀν. πάντας ζήτει IPol 4:2. ἀσπάζομαι πάντας ἐξ ὀνόματος 8:2. πάντες ἐξ ὀν. συνέρχεσθε (parallel to κατʼ ἄνδρα) IEph 20:2.—κατʼ ὄν. by name, individually (Diod S 16, 44, 2; Gen 25:13; EpArist 247; Jos., Bell. 7, 14) J 10:3 (New Docs 3, 77f; animals called individually by name: Ps.-Aristot., Mirabil. 118.—HAlmqvist, Plut. u. das NT ’46, 74). Esp. in greetings (BGU 27, 18 [II A.D.] ἀσπάζομαι πάντας τοὺς φιλοῦντάς σε κατʼ ὄν.; POxy 1070, 46; pap in Dssm., LO 160/1, ln. 14f [LAE 193, ln. 15, note 21]; New Docs 3, 77f) 3J 15; ISm 13:2b. ῥάβδους ἐπιγεγραμμένας ἑκάστης φυλῆς κατʼ ὄν. staffs, each one inscribed with the name of a tribe 1 Cl 43:2b.
    ⓓ used in combination with God and Jesus. On the significance of the Divine Name in history of religions s. FGiesebrecht, Die atl. Schätzung des Gottesnamens 1901; Bousset, Rel.3 309ff; ADieterich, Eine Mithrasliturgie 1903, 110ff; FConybeare, JQR 8, 1896; 9, 1897, esp. 9, 581ff; JBoehmer, Das bibl. ‘im Namen’ 1898, BFCT V 6, 1901, 49ff, Studierstube 2, 1904, 324ff; 388ff; 452ff; 516ff; 580ff; BJacob, Im Namen Gottes 1903;WHeitmüller, ‘Im Namen Jesu’ 1903; WBrandt, TT 25, 1891, 565ff; 26, 1892, 193ff; 38, 1904, 355ff; RHirzel, Der Name: ASG 36, 2, 1918; Schürer III4 409–11; HObbink, De magische betekenis van den naam inzonderheid in het oude Egypte 1925; OGrether, Name u. Wort Gottes im AT ’34; HHuffman, Name: 1148–52.—The belief in the efficacy of the name is extremely old; its origin goes back to the most ancient times and the most primitive forms of intellectual and religious life. It has exhibited an extraordinary vitality. The period of our lit. also sees—within as well as without the new community of believers—in the name someth. real, a piece of the very nature of the personality whom it designates, expressing the person’s qualities and powers. Accordingly, names, esp. holy names, are revered and used in customary practices and ritual (σέβεσθαι θεῶν ὀνόματα Theoph. Ant., 1, 9 [p. 76, 7]), including magic. In Israelite tradition the greatest reverence was paid to the holy name of God and to its numerous paraphrases or substitutes; the names of angels and patriarchs occupied a secondary place. The syncretistic practices of the period revered the names of gods, daemons, and heroes, or even magic words that made no sense at all, but had a mysterious sound. The Judeo-Christians revere and use the name of God and, of course, the name of Jesus. On magic in Jewish circles, s. Schürer III 342–79; for the NT period in general s. MSmith, Clement of Alexandria and a Secret Gospel of Mark ’73, 195–230.—The names of God and Jesus
    α. in combination w. attributes: διαφορώτερον ὄν. a more excellent name Hb 1:4=1 Cl 36:2 (διάφορος 2). ἅγιον τὸ ὄν. αὐτοῦ Lk 1:49 (cp. Ps 110:9; Lev 18:21; 22:2; PGM 3, 570; 627; 4, 1005; 3071; 5, 77; 13, 561 μέγα κ. ἅγιον). τὸ μεγαλοπρεπὲς καὶ ἅγιον ὄν. αὐτοῦ 1 Cl 64; τὸ μέγα καὶ ἔνδοξον ὄν. Hv 4, 1, 3; 4, 2, 4 (on ἔνδοξον ὄν., cp. EPeterson, Εἷ θεός 1926, 282.—ὄν. μέγα κ. ἅγ. κ. ἔνδ.: PGM 13, 183f; 504f). τὸ μέγα καὶ θαυμαστὸν καὶ ἔνδοξον ὄν. Hs 9, 18, 5; τὸ πανάγιον καὶ ἔνδοξον ὄν. 1 Cl 58:1a; τοῦ παντοκράτορος καὶ ἐνδόξου ὄν. Hv 3, 3, 5; τὸ πανάρετον ὄν. 1 Cl 45:7; τῷ παντοκράτορι καὶ ἐνδόξῳ ὀνόματι 60:4; τὸ ὁσιώτατον τῆς μεγαλωσύνης αὐτοῦ ὄν. 58:1b. τὸ ὄν. μου θαυμαστὸν ἐν τοῖς ἔθνεσι D 14:3 (cp. Mal 1:14). The words ὄν. θεοπρεπέστατον IMg 1:2 are difficult to interpret (s. Hdb. ad loc.; θεοπρεπής b).
    β. in combination w. verbs: ἁγιάζειν τὸ ὄν. Mt 6:9 (AFridrichsen, Helligt vorde dit naun: DTT 8, 1917, 1–16). Lk 11:2; D 8:2 (ἁγιάζω 3). βλασφημεῖν (q.v. bγ) τὸ ὄν. Rv 13:6; 16:9; pass. βλασφημεῖται τὸ ὄν. (Is 52:5) Ro 2:24; 2 Cl 13:1f, 4; ITr 8:2. βλασφημίας ἐπιφέρεσθαι τῷ ὀν. κυρίου bring blasphemy upon the name of the Lord 1 Cl 47:7. πφοσέθηκαν κατὰ ὄν. τοῦ κυρίου βλασφημίαν Hs 6, 2, 3; βεβηλοῦν τὸ ὄν. 8, 6, 2 (s. βεβηλόω). ἀπαγγελῶ τὸ ὄν. τ. ἀδελφοῖς μου Hb 2:12 (cp. Ps 21:23). ὅπως διαγγελῇ τὸ ὄν. μου ἐν πάσῃ τῇ γῇ Ro 9:17 (Ex 9:16). δοξάζειν τὸ ὄν. (σου, τοῦ κυρίου, τοῦ θεοῦ etc.) Rv 15:4; 1 Cl 43:6; IPhld 10:1; Hv 2, 1, 2; 3, 4, 3; 4, 1, 3; Hs 9, 18, 5 (s. δοξάζω 1; cp. GJs 7:2; 12:1[w. ref. to name of Mary]). ὅπως ἐνδοξασθῇ τὸ ὄν. τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ 2 Th 1:12. ἐλπίζειν τῷ ὀν. Mt 12:21 (vv.ll. ἐν or ἐπὶ τῷ ὀν.; the pass. on which it is based, Is 42:4, has ἐπὶ τῷ ὀν.). ἐπικαλεῖσθαι τὸ ὄν. κυρίου (as PsSol 6:1) or αὐτοῦ, σου etc. (w. ref. to God or Christ) call on the name of the Lord Ac 2:21 (Jo 3:5); 9:14, 21; 22:16; Ro 10:13 (Jo 3:5); 1 Cor 1:2. ψυχὴ ἐπικεκλημένη τὸ μεγαλοπρεπὲς καὶ ἅγιον ὄν. αὐτοῦ a person who calls upon his exalted and holy name 1 Cl 64.—Pass. πάντα τὰ ἔθνη ἐφʼ οὓς ἐπικέκληται τὸ ὄν. μου ἐπʼ αὐτούς Ac 15:17 (Am 9:12). τὸ καλὸν ὄν. τὸ ἐπικληθὲν ἐφʼ ὑμᾶς Js 2:7 (on καλὸν ὄν. cp. Sb 343, 9 and the Pompeian graffito in Dssm., LO 237 [LAE 276]). πάντες οἱ ἐπικαλούμενοι τῷ ὀν. αὐτοῦ all those who are called by (the Lord’s) name Hs 9, 14, 3; cp. οἱ κεκλημένοι τῷ ὀν. κυρίου those who are called by the name of the Lord 8, 1, 1. ἐπαισχύνεσθαι τὸ ὄν. κυρίου τὸ ἐπικληθὲν ἐπʼ αὐτούς be ashamed of the name that is named over them 8, 6, 4. ὁμολογεῖν τῷ ὀν. αὐτοῦ praise his name Hb 13:15 (cp. PsSol 15:2 ἐξομολογήσασθαι τῷ ὀνόματι σου). ὀνομάζειν τὸ ὄν. κυρίου 2 Ti 2:19 (Is 26:13). ψάλλειν τῷ ὀν. σου Ro 15:9 (Ps 17:50). οὐ μὴ λάβῃς ἐπὶ ματαίῳ τὸ ὄν. κυρίου 19:5 (Ex 20:7; Dt 5:11).—Although in the preceding examples the name is oft. practically inseparable fr. the being that bears it, this is perh. even more true of the foll. cases, in which the name appears almost as the representation of the Godhead, as a tangible manifestation of the divine nature (Quint. Smyrn. 9, 465 Polidarius, when healing, calls on οὔνομα πατρὸς ἑοῖο ‘the name of his father’ [Asclepius]; τοσοῦτον … δύναται τὸ ὄ. τοῦ Ἰησοῦ κατὰ τῶν δαιμόνων Orig., C. Cels. 1, 56, 11; Dt 18:7; 3 Km 8:16; Ps 68:37; Zech 13:2 ἐξολεθρεύσω τὰ ὀν. τῶν εἰδώλων; Zeph 1:4; PsSol 7:6; Just., D. 121, 3 ὑποτάσσεσθαι αὐτοῦ ὀν.): the ‘name’ of God is ἀρχέγονον πάσης κτίσεως 1 Cl 59:3. Sim. τὸ ὄν. τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ θεοῦ μέγα ἐστὶ καὶ τὸν κόσμον ὅλον βαστάζει Hs 9, 14, 5. λατρεύειν τῷ παναρέτῳ ὀν. αὐτοῦ worship the most excellent name (of the Most High) 1 Cl 45:7. ὑπακούειν τῷ παναγίῳ καὶ ἐνδόξῳ ὀν. αὐτοῦ be obedient to his most holy and glorious name 58:1a. ὑπήκοον γενέσθαι τῷ παντοκρατορικῷ καὶ παναρέτῳ ὀν. 60:4. κηρύσσειν τὸ ὄν. τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ θεοῦ Hs 9, 16, 5. ἐπιγινώσκειν τὸ ὄν. τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ θεοῦ 9, 16, 7. φοβεῖσθαι τὸ ὄν. σου Rv 11:18. φανεροῦν τινι τὸ ὄν. σου J 17:6. γνωρίζειν τινὶ τὸ ὄν. σου vs. 26. πιστεύειν τῷ ὀν. τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ believe in the name of (God’s) son 1J 3:23. Also πιστεύειν εἰς τὸ ὄν. (s. γב below and s. πιστεύω 2aβ).—Of the name borne by followers of Jesus Christ (cp. Theoph. Ant. 1, 1 [p. 58, 13]): κρατεῖς τὸ ὄν. μου you cling to my name Rv 2:13. The same mng. also holds for the expressions: λαμβάνειν τὸ ὄν. τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ Hs 9, 12, 4; 8; 9, 13, 2a; 7. τοῦ βαστάσαι τὸ ὄν. μου ἐνώπιον ἐθνῶν to bear my name before (the) Gentiles Ac 9:15. τὸ ὄν. ἡδέως βαστάζειν bear the name gladly Hs 8, 10, 3; cp. 9, 28, 5b. τὸ ὄν. τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ θεοῦ φορεῖν 9, 13, 3; 9, 14, 5f; 9, 15, 2; cp. 9, 13, 2b. Christians receive this name at their baptism: πρὶν φορέσαι τὸν ἄνθρωπον τὸ ὄν. τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ θεοῦ νεκρός ἐστιν before a person bears the name of God’s Son (which is given the candidate at baptism), he is dead 9, 16, 3. Of dissemblers and false teachers ὄν. μὲν ἔχουσιν, ἀπὸ δὲ τῆς πίστεως κενοί εἰσιν they have the (Christian) name, but are devoid of faith 9, 19, 2. Of Christians in appearance only ἐν ὑποκρίσει φέροντες τὸ ὄν. τοῦ κυρίου who bear the Lord’s name in pretense Pol 6:3. δόλῳ πονηρῷ τὸ ὄν. περιφέρειν carry the name about in wicked deceit (evidently of wandering preachers) IEph 7:1. τὸ ὄν. ἐπαισχύνονται τοῦ κυρίου αὐτῶν they are ashamed of their Lord’s name Hs 9, 21, 3. More fully: ἐπαισχύνονται τὸ ὄν. αὐτοῦ φορεῖν 9, 14, 6.
    γ. used w. prepositions
    א. w. διά and the gen. διὰ τοῦ ὀνόματός μου πιστεύειν PtK 3 p. 15 ln. 12; σωθῆναι διὰ τοῦ μεγάλου καὶ ἐνδόξου ὀν. be saved through the great and glorious name Hv 4, 2, 4. εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ θεοῦ εἰσελθεῖν διὰ τοῦ ὀν. τοῦ υἱοῦ (τοῦ θεοῦ) Hs 9, 12, 5. ἄφεσιν ἁμαρτιῶν λαβεῖν διὰ τοῦ ὀν. αὐτοῦ Ac 10:43 (cp. Just., D. 11, 4 al.). σημεῖα … γίνεσθαι διὰ τοῦ ὀν. … Ἰησοῦ by the power of the name 4:30. Differently παρακαλεῖν τινα διὰ τοῦ ὀν. τοῦ κυρίου appeal to someone by the name (= while calling on the name) of the Lord 1 Cor 1:10.—W. διά and the acc. μισούμενοι … διὰ τὸ ὄν. μου hated on account of my name (i.e., because you bear it) Mt 10:22; 24:9; Mk 13:13; Lk 21:17 (Just., A I, 4, 2 al.). ποιεῖν τι εἴς τινα διὰ τὸ ὄν. μου J 15:21. ἀφέωνται ὑμῖν αἱ ἁμαρτίαι διὰ τὸ ὄν. αὐτοῦ your sins are forgiven on account of (Jesus’) name 1J 2:12. βαστάζειν διὰ τὸ ὄν. μου bear (hardship) for my name’s sake Rv 2:3 (s. βαστάζω 2bβ). πάσχειν διὰ τὸ ὄν. (also w. a gen. like αὐτοῦ) Pol 8:2; Hv 3, 2, 1b; Hs 9, 28, 3.
    ב. w. εἰς: somet. evidently as rendering of rabb. לְשֵׁם with regard to, in thinking of δέχεσθαί τινα εἰς ὄν. Ἰ. Χρ. receive someone in deference to Jesus Christ IRo 9:3. δύο ἢ τρεῖς συνηγμένοι εἰς τὸ ἐμὸν ὄν. two or three gathered and thinking of me, i.e., so that I am the reason for their assembling Mt 18:20; but here the other mng. (s. ג below) has had some influence: ‘while naming’ or ‘calling on my name’. τῆς ἀγάπης ἧς ἐνεδείξασθε εἰς τὸ ὄν. αὐτοῦ (i.e. θεοῦ) Hb 6:10 is either the love that you have shown with regard to him, i.e. for his sake, or we have here the frequently attested formula of Hellenistic legal and commercial language (s. Mayser II/2 p. 415; Dssm. B 143ff, NB 25, LO 97f [BS 146f; 197; LAE 121]; Heitmüller, op. cit. 100ff; FPreisigke, Girowesen im griech. Ägypt. 1910, 149ff. On the LXX s. Heitmüller 110f; JPsichari, Essai sur le Grec de la Septante 1908, 202f): εἰς (τὸ) ὄν. τινος to the name=to the account (over which the name stands). Then the deeds of love, although shown to humans, are dedicated to God.—The concept of dedication is also highly significant, in all probability, for the understanding of the expr. βαπτίζειν εἰς (τὸ) ὄν. τινος. Through baptism εἰς (τὸ) ὄν. τ. those who are baptized become the possession of and come under the dedicated protection of the one whose name they bear. An additional factor, to a degree, may be the sense of εἰς τὸ ὄν.=‘with mention of the name’ (cp. Herodian 2, 2, 10; 2, 13, 2 ὀμνύναι εἰς τὸ ὄν. τινος; Cyranides p. 57, 1 εἰς ὄν. τινος; 60, 18=εἰς τὸ ὄν. τ.; 62, 13. Another ex. in Heitmüller 107): Mt 28:19; Ac 8:16; 19:5; D 7:1, (3); 9:5; Hv 3, 7, 3; cp. 1 Cor 1:13, 15. S. βαπτίζω 2c and Silva New, Beginn. I/5, ’33, 121–40.—πιστεύειν εἰς τὸ ὄν. τινος believe in the name of someone i.e. have confidence that the person’s name (rather in the sense of a title, cp. Phil 2:9) is rightfully borne and encodes what the person really is J 1:12; 2:23; 3:18; 1J 5:13.
    ג. with ἐν: ἐν ὀνόματι of God or Jesus means in the great majority of cases with mention of the name, while naming or calling on the name (PsSol 11:8; JosAs 9:1; Just., D. 35, 2 al.; no corresponding use has been found in gener. Gk. lit.; but cp. ἐν ὀν. τοῦ μεγάλου καὶ ὑψίστου θεοῦ Hippol., Ref. 9, 15, 6.—Heitmüller p. 13ff, esp. 44; 49). In many pass. it seems to be a formula. ἐν τῷ ὀν. Ἰησοῦ ἐκβάλλειν δαιμόνια Mk 9:38; 16:17; Lk 9:49. τὰ δαιμόνια ὑποτάσσεται ἡμῖν ἐν τῷ ὀν. σου the demons are subject to us at the mention of your name 10:17. ποιεῖν τι ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι Ac 4:7; cp. Col 3:17. Perh. J 10:25 (but s. below). ἐν τῷ ὀν. Ἰησοῦ … οὗτος παρέστηκεν ὑγιής Ac 4:10. ὄν. … ἐν ᾧ δεῖ σωθῆναι ἡμᾶς vs. 12. παραγγέλλω σοι ἐν ὀν. Ἰ. Χρ. 16:18; cp. 2 Th 3:6; IPol 5:1. σοὶ λέγω ἐν τῷ ὀν. τοῦ κυρίου Ac 14:10 D. Peter, in performing a healing, says ἐν τῷ ὀν. Ἰησοῦ Χρ. περιπάτει 3:6 (s. Heitmüller 60). The elders are to anoint the sick w. oil ἐν τῷ ὀν. τοῦ κυρίου while calling on the name of the Lord Js 5:14.—Of prophets λαλεῖν ἐν τῷ ὀν. κυρίου 5:10. παρρησιάζεσθαι ἐν τῷ ὀν. Ἰησοῦ speak out boldly in proclaiming the name of Jesus Ac 9:27f. βαπτίζεσθαι ἐν τῷ ὀν. Ἰ. Χ. be baptized or have oneself baptized while naming the name of Jesus Christ Ac 2:38 v.l.; 10:48. At a baptism ἐν ὀν. χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ AcPl Ha 3, 32. αἰτεῖν τὸν πατέρα ἐν τῷ ὀν. μου (=Ἰησοῦ) ask the Father, using my name J 15:16; cp. 14:13, 14; 16:24, 26. W. the latter pass. belongs vs. 23 (ὁ πατὴρ) δώσει ὑμῖν ἐν τῷ ὀν. μου (the Father) will give you, when you mention my name. τὸ πνεῦμα ὸ̔ πέμψει ὁ πατὴρ ἐν τῷ ὀν. μου the Spirit, whom the Father will send when my name is used 14:26. To thank God ἐν ὀν. Ἰησοῦ Χρ. while naming the name of Jesus Christ Eph 5:20. ἵνα ἐν τῷ ὀν. Ἰησοῦ πᾶν γόνυ κάμψῃ that when the name of Jesus is mentioned every knee should bow Phil 2:10. χαίρετε, υἱοί, ἐν ὀν. κυρίου greetings, my sons, as we call on the Lord’s name 1:1. ὁ ἐρχόμενος ἐν ὀν. κυρίου whoever comes, naming the Lord’s name (in order thereby to give evidence of being a Christian) D 12:1. ἀσπάζεσθαι ἐν ὀν. Ἰ. Χρ. greet, while naming the name of J. Chr. w. acc. of pers. or thing greeted IRo ins; ISm 12:2. Receive a congregation ἐν ὀν. θεοῦ IEph 1:3. συναχθῆναι ἐν τῷ ὀν. τοῦ κυρίου Ἰ. meet and call on the name of the Lord Jesus=as a Christian congregation 1 Cor 5:4. μόνον ἐν τῷ ὀν. Ἰ. Χρ. only (it is to be) while calling on the name of J. Chr. ISm 4:2.—Not far removed fr. these are the places where we render ἐν τῷ ὀν. with through or by the name (s. ἐν 4c); the effect brought about by the name is caused by its utterance ἀπελούσασθε, ἡγιάσθητε, ἐδικαιώθητε ἐν τῷ ὀν. τοῦ κυρίου Ἰ. Χρ. 1 Cor 6:11. ζωὴν ἔχειν ἐν τῷ ὀν. αὐτοῦ (=Ἰησοῦ) J 20:31. τηρεῖν τινα ἐν τῷ ὀν. (θεοῦ) 17:11f.—ἐν τῷ ὀν. at the command (of), commissioned by ἔργα ποιεῖν ἐν τῷ ὀν. τοῦ πατρός J 10:25 (but s. above). ἔρχεσθαι ἐν τῷ ὀν. τοῦ πατρός 5:43a; in contrast ἔρχ. ἐν τῷ ὀν. τῷ ἰδίῳ vs. 43b. εὐλογημένος ὁ ἐρχόμενος ἐν ὀν. κυρίου 12:13 (Ps 117:26). The Ps-passage prob. has the same sense (despite Heitmüller 53f) in Mt 21:9; 23:39; Mk 11:9; Lk 13:35; 19:38.—OMerlier, Ὄνομα et ἐν ὀνόματι dans le quatr. Év.: RevÉtGr 47, ’34, 180–204; RBratcher, BT 14, ’63, 72–80.
    ד. w. ἕνεκα (and the other forms of this word; s. ἕνεκα 1): of persecutions for one’s Christian faith ἀπάγεσθαι ἐπὶ βασιλεῖς ἕνεκεν τοῦ ὀν. μου Lk 21:12. πάσχειν or ὑποφέρειν εἵνεκα τοῦ ὀνόματος Hv 3, 1, 9; 3, 2, 1; Hs 9, 28, 5. ἕνεκεν τοῦ ὀν. (τοῦ) κυρίου v 3, 5, 2; Hs 9, 28, 6. ἀφιέναι οἰκίας … ἕνεκεν τοῦ ἐμοῦ ὀν. for my name’s sake Mt 19:29. ἔκτισας τὰ πάντα ἕνεκεν τοῦ ὀν. σου you created all things for your name’s sake, i.e. that God’s name might be praised for the benefits which the works of creation bring to humankind D 10:3.
    ה. w. ἐπί and the dat.: ἐπὶ τῷ ὀν. τινος when someone’s name is mentioned or called upon, or mentioning someone’s name (LXX; En 10:2; Just., D. 39, 6; Ath. 23, 1; s. Heitmüller 19ff; 43ff; s. also 47ff; 52ff; 87ff) in the NT only of the name of Jesus, and only in the synoptics and Ac. ἐλεύσονται ἐπὶ τῷ ὀν. μου they will come using my name Mt 24:5; Mk 13:6; Lk 21:8. κηρύσσειν ἐπὶ τῷ ὀν. αὐτοῦ μετάνοιαν 24:47. λαλεῖν ἐπὶ τῷ ὀν. τούτῳ to speak using this name Ac 4:17; 5:40. διδάσκειν 4:18; 5:28. ποιεῖν δύναμιν ἐπὶ τῷ ὀν. μου Mk 9:39. ἐπὶ τῷ ὀν. σου ἐκβάλλειν δαιμόνια Lk 9:49 v.l. ἐπὶ τῷ σῷ ὀν. τὰς θεραπείας ἐπετέλουν GJs 20:2 (codd.). Of the (spiritual) temple of God: οἰκοδομηθήσεται ναὸς θεοῦ ἐνδόξως ἐπὶ τῷ ὀν. κυρίου the temple of God will be gloriously built with the use of the Lord’s name 16:6f, 8 (quot. of uncertain orig.). βαπτίζεσθαι ἐπὶ τῷ ὀν. Ἰ. Χρ. Ac 2:38. Baptism is also referred to in καλεῖσθαι ἐπὶ τῷ ὀν. τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ θεοῦ receive a name when the name of God’s son is named Hs 9, 17, 4. The words δέχεσθαι (παιδίον) ἐπὶ τῷ ὀν. μου can also be classed here receive (a child) when my name is confessed, when I am called upon Mt 18:5; Mk 9:37; Lk 9:48 (s. Heitmüller 64); but s. also 3 below.—ἐπί w. acc.: πεποιθέναι ἐπὶ τὸ ὁσιώτατον τῆς μεγαλωσύνης αὐτοῦ ὄν. have confidence in (the Lord’s) most sacred and majestic name 1 Cl 58:1b; ἐλπίζειν ἐπὶ τὸ ὄν. hope in the name (of the Lord) 16:8b.
    ו. w. περί and the gen.: εὐαγγελίζεσθαι περὶ τοῦ ὀν. Ἰ. Χ. bring the good news about the name of J. Chr. Ac 8:12.—(W. acc.: ἔχομεν δέος τὸ ὄ. τοῦ θεοῦ Orig., C. Cels. 4, 48, 34).
    ז. w. πρός and acc.: πρὸς τὸ ὄν. Ἰησοῦ … πολλὰ ἐναντία πρᾶξαι do many things in opposing the name of Jesus Ac 26:9.
    ח. w. ὑπέρ and gen.: ὑπὲρ τοῦ ὀν. (Ἰησοῦ) ἀτιμασθῆναι Ac 5:41. πάσχειν 9:16; Hs 9, 28, 2. Cp. Ac 15:26; 21:13. The activity of the apostles takes place ὑπὲρ τοῦ ὀν. αὐτοῦ to the honor of (Jesus’) name Ro 1:5. Cp. 3J 7. Of thankful praying at the Lord’s Supper εὐχαριστοῦμεν σοι … ὑπὲρ τοῦ ἁγίου ὀν. σου, οὗ κατεσκήνωσας ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ἡμῶν we thank you … for your holy name, which you caused to dwell in our hearts D 10:2.
    δ. ὄν. w. ref. to God or Christ not infreq. stands quite alone, simply the Name: Ac 5:41; Phil 2:9 (cp. Diod S 3, 61, 6); 3J 7; 2 Cl 13:1, 4; IEph 3:1; 7:1; IPhld 10:1; Hv 3, 2, 1; Hs 8, 10, 3; 9, 13, 2; 9, 28, 3; 5.
    ② a person (Phalaris, Ep. 128; POxy 1188, 8 [13 A.D.]; BGU 113, 11; Jos., Ant. 14, 22; other exx. in Dssm., NB 24f [BS 196f]; LXX) τὸ ποθητόν μοι ὄν. my dear friend: Alce ISm 13:2; IPol 8:3; Crocus IRo 10:1. Pl. (PThéad 41, 10; PSI 27, 22; Num 1:18 al.) people Ac 1:15; Rv 3:4. ὀνόματα ἀνθρώπων 11:13 (cp. Ael. Aristid. 50, 72 K.=26 p. 523 D.: ὀνόματα δέκα ἀνδρῶν). This is prob. the place for περὶ λόγου καὶ ὀνομάτων καὶ νόμου about teaching and persons and (the) law Ac 18:15.
    ③ the classification under which one belongs, noted by a name or category, title, category (cp. Cass. Dio 38, 44; 42, 24 καὶ ὅτι πολλῷ πλείω ἔν τε τῷ σχήματι καὶ ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι τῷ τῆς στρατηγίας ὢν καταπράξειν ἤλπιζε=he hoped to effect much more by taking advantage of his praetorial apparel and title; ins: Sb 7541, 5 [II A.D.] Νύμφη ὄνομʼ ἐστί σοι; POxy 37 I, 17 [49 A.D.] βούλεται ὀνόματι ἐλευθέρου τὸ σωμάτιον ἀπενέγκασθαι=she claims to have carried off the infant on the basis of its being free-born; Jos., Ant. 12, 154 φερνῆς ὀνόματι; 11, 40; Just., A II, 6, 4 καὶ ἀνθρώπου καὶ σωτῆρος ὄνομα. Other exx. in Heitmüller 50); the possibility of understanding ὄν. as category made it easier for Greeks to take over rabb. לְשֵׁם (s. 1dγב above) in the sense with regard to a particular characteristic, then simply with regard to, for the sake of ὁ δεχόμενος προφήτην εἰς ὄν. προφήτου whoever receives a prophet within the category ‘prophet’, i.e. because he is a prophet, as a prophet Mt 10:41a; cp. vss. 41b, 42.—ὸ̔ς ἂν ποτίσῃ ὑμᾶς ἐν ὀνόματι, ὄτι Χριστοῦ ἐστε whoever gives you a drink under the category that you belong to Christ, i.e. in your capacity as a follower of Christ Mk 9:41. εἰ ὀνειδίζεσθε ἐν ὀν. Χριστοῦ if you are reviled for the sake of Christ 1 Pt 4:14. δοξαζέτω τὸν θεὸν ἐν τῷ ὀν. τούτῳ let the person praise God in this capacity (=ὡς Χριστιανός) vs. 16. δέδεμαι ἐν τῷ ὀν. I am imprisoned for the sake of the Name IEph 3:1.—δέχεσθαι (παιδίον) ἐπὶ τῷ ὀν. μου for my (name’s) sake Mt 18:5; Mk 9:37; Lk 9:48 (cp. Heitmüller 113. But s. 1dγה above).
    ④ recognition accorded a person on the basis of performance, (well-known) name, reputation, fame (Hom. et al.; 1 Ch 14:17; 1 Macc 8:12) φανερὸν ἐγένετο τὸ ὄν. αὐτοῦ his fame was widespread Mk 6:14. ὄν. ἔχειν (Pla., Apol. 38c, Ep. 2, 312c) w. ὅτι foll. have the reputation of Rv 3:1 perh. also 3:5 (s. 1bα; JFuller, JETS 26, ’83, 297–306).
    ⑤ name in terms of office held, office (POxy 58, 6) στασιαζουσῶν τ. φυλῶν, ὁποία αὐτῶν εἴη τῷ ἐνδόξῳ ὀνόματι κεκοσμημένη when the tribes were quarreling as to which one of them was to be adorned with that glorious office 1 Cl 43:2. τὸ ὄν. τῆς ἐπισκοπῆς the office of supervision 44:1.—B. 1263f. OEANE IV 91–96 on Mesopotamian practices. Schmidt, Syn. I 113–24. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > ὄνομα

  • 19 high

    1. adjective
    1) hoch [Berg, Gebäude, Mauer]
    2) (above normal level) hoch [Stiefel]

    the river/water is high — der Fluss/das Wasser steht hoch

    be left high and dry — (fig.) auf dem trock[e]nen sitzen (ugs.)

    3) (far above ground or sea level) hoch [Gipfel, Punkt]; groß [Höhe]
    4) (to or from far above the ground) hoch [Aufstieg, Sprung]

    high diving — Turmspringen, das; see also academic.ru/5412/bar">bar 1. 2)

    5) (of exalted rank) hoch [Beamter, Amt, Gericht]

    high and mighty — (coll.): (highhanded) selbstherrlich; (coll.): (superior) hochnäsig (ugs.)

    be born or destined for higher things — zu Höherem geboren od. bestimmt sein

    6) (great in degree) hoch; groß [Gefallen, Bedeutung]; stark [Wind]

    be held in high regard/esteem — hohes Ansehen/hohe Wertschätzung genießen

    high blood pressure — Bluthochdruck, der

    have a high opinion of somebody/something — eine hohe Meinung von jemandem/etwas haben (geh.); viel von jemandem/etwas halten

    7) (noble, virtuous) hoch [Ideal, Ziel, Prinzip, Berufung]; edel [Charakter]

    it is high time you left — es ist od. wird höchste Zeit, dass du gehst

    high summer — Hochsommer, der

    9) (luxurious, extravagant) üppig [Leben]
    10) (enjoyable)

    have a high [old] time — sich bestens amüsieren

    11) (coll.): (on a drug) high nicht attr. (ugs.) (on von)

    get high on — sich anturnen mit (ugs.) [Haschisch, LSD usw.]

    12) (in pitch) hoch [Ton, Stimme, Lage, Klang usw.]
    13) (slightly decomposed) angegangen (landsch.) [Fleisch]
    14) (Cards) hoch
    2. adverb
    1) (in or to a high position) hoch

    search or hunt or look high and low — überall suchen

    3. noun
    1) (highest level/figure) Höchststand, der; see also all-time

    on high — hoch oben od. (geh., südd., österr.) droben; (in heaven) im Himmel

    3) (Meteorol.) Hoch, das
    * * *
    1. adjective
    1) (at, from, or reaching up to, a great distance from ground-level, sea-level etc: a high mountain; a high dive; a dive from the high diving-board.) hoch
    2) (having a particular height: This building is about 20 metres high; My horse is fifteen hands high.) hoch
    3) (great; large; considerable: The car was travelling at high speed; He has a high opinion of her work; They charge high prices; high hopes; The child has a high fever/temperature.) hoch
    4) (most important; very important: the high altar in a church; Important criminal trials are held at the High Court; a high official.) Haupt-...
    5) (noble; good: high ideals.) hoch
    6) ((of a wind) strong: The wind is high tonight.) stark
    7) ((of sounds) at or towards the top of a (musical) range: a high note.) hoch
    8) ((of voices) like a child's voice (rather than like a man's): He still speaks in a high voice.) hoch
    9) ((of food, especially meat) beginning to go bad.) angegangen
    10) (having great value: Aces and kings are high cards.) hoch
    2. adverb
    (at, or to, a great distance from ground-level, sea-level etc: The plane was flying high in the sky; He'll rise high in his profession.) hoch
    - highly
    - highness
    - high-chair
    - high-class
    - higher education
    - high fidelity
    - high-handed
    - high-handedly
    - high-handedness
    - high jump
    - highlands
    - high-level
    - highlight     3. verb
    (to draw particular attention to (a person, thing etc).) hervorheben
    - highly-strung
    - high-minded
    - high-mindedness
    - high-pitched
    - high-powered
    - high-rise
    - highroad
    - high school
    - high-spirited
    - high spirits
    - high street
    - high-tech     4. adjective
    ((also hi-tech): high-tech industries.)
    - high tide
    - high treason
    - high water
    - highway
    - Highway Code
    - highwayman
    - high wire
    - high and dry
    - high and low
    - high and mighty
    - the high seas
    - it is high time
    * * *
    [haɪ]
    I. adj
    1. (altitude) hoch präd, hohe(r, s) attr
    he lives on the \highest floor er wohnt im obersten Stockwerk
    I knew him when he was only so \high ich kannte ihn schon als kleines Kind
    the river is \high der Fluss führt Hochwasser
    she wore a dress with a \high neckline sie trug ein hochgeschlossenes Kleid
    to fly at a \high altitude in großer Höhe fliegen
    the rooms in our flat have \high ceilings unsere Wohnung hat hohe Räume
    thirty centimetres/one metre \high dreißig Zentimeter/ein Meter hoch
    \high cheekbones hohe Wangenknochen
    to do a \high dive einen Kopfsprung aus großer Höhe machen
    \high forehead hohe Stirn
    \high latitude GEOG hohe Breite
    2. (above average) hohe(r, s) attr, hoch präd
    she got very \high marks sie bekam sehr gute Noten
    the job demands a \high level of concentration die Tätigkeit erfordert hohe Konzentration
    to have \high hopes sich dat große Hoffnungen machen
    to have \high hopes for sb für jdn große Pläne haben
    to have a \high IQ einen hohen IQ haben
    a \high-scoring match ein Match nt mit vielen Treffern
    to have a \high opinion of sb von jdm eine hohe Meinung haben
    to be full of \high praise [for sb/sth] [für jdn/etw] voll des Lobes sein
    to pay a \high price for sth ( also fig) für etw akk einen hohen Preis bezahlen a. fig
    to drive at \high speed mit hoher Geschwindigkeit fahren
    to demand \high standards from sb/sth hohe Ansprüche [o Anforderungen] an jdn/etw stellen
    3. (of large numerical value)
    the casualty toll from the explosion was \high die Explosion forderte viele Opfer
    \high calibre [or AM caliber] gun großkalibrige Waffe
    of the \highest calibre [or AM caliber] ( fig) hervorragend
    the \highest common denominator der größte gemeinsame Nenner
    \high number hohe [o große] Zahl
    safety is \high on my list of priorities Sicherheit steht weit oben auf meiner Prioritätenliste
    to have sth on the \highest authority ( esp hum) etw aus zuverlässiger Quelle wissen
    \high crimes schwere Vergehen
    to hold/resign from \high office ein hohes Amt innehaben/niederlegen
    to have friends in \high places wichtige Freunde haben
    of \high rank hochrangig
    to be of \high birth adliger Abstammung sein
    to have \high principles hohe Prinzipien haben
    6. ( pej: arrogant) arrogant
    to be \high and mighty ( pej) herablassend sein
    7. (intense)
    to have a \high complexion ein gerötetes Gesicht haben
    to be \high drama hochdramatisch sein
    \high wind starker Wind
    8. MED
    \high blood-pressure hoher Blutdruck
    \high fever hohes Fieber
    9. FOOD (rich)
    \high in calories kalorienreich
    to be \high in calcium/iron viel Kalzium/Eisen enthalten
    10. (intoxicated, euphoric) high a. fig fam
    to be \high on drugs mit Drogen vollgepumpt sein
    to be [as] \high as a kite ( fam: euphoric) total high sein sl; (drunk) stockbesoffen sein sl
    11. (shrill)
    to sing in a \high key in einer hohen Tonlage singen
    a \high note ein hoher Ton
    a \high voice eine schrille Stimme
    12. LING
    \high vowel hoher Vokal
    13. pred (gone off)
    ▪ to be \high food riechen; game Hautgout haben
    14.
    ▶ with one's head held \high hoch erhobenen Hauptes
    ▶ come hell or \high water um jeden Preis
    come hell or \high water, I'm going to get this finished by midnight und wenn die Welt untergeht, bis Mitternacht habe ich das fertig
    ▶ to leave sb \high and dry jdn auf dem Trockenen sitzen lassen
    ▶ to stink to \high heaven (smell awful) wie die Pest stinken sl; (be very suspicious) zum Himmel stinken fig sl
    ▶ sb's stock is \high jds Aktien stehen gut fig, jd steht hoch im Kurs
    ▶ \high time höchste Zeit
    II. adv
    1. (position) hoch
    you have to throw the ball \high du musst den Ball in die Höhe werfen
    ▪ \high up hoch oben
    2. (amount) hoch
    the prices are running \high die Preise liegen hoch
    he said he would go as \high as 500 dollars er meinte, er würde maximal 500 Dollar ausgeben
    the sea was running \high das Meer tobte; ( fig)
    feelings were running \high die Gemüter erhitzten sich
    4.
    ▶ to hold one's head \high stolz sein
    ▶ \high and low überall
    to look [or search] for sth \high and low das Unterste nach oben kehren fig
    ▶ to live \high on [or off] the hog fürstlich leben
    III. n
    1. (high point) Höchststand m
    to reach an all-time [or a record] \high einen historischen Höchststand erreichen
    2. METEO Hoch nt
    \highs and lows Höhen und Tiefen fig
    to be on a \high high sein sl
    on \high im Himmel, in der Höhe poet
    God looked down from on \high Gott blickte vom Himmel herab; ( hum fig fam)
    the orders came from on \high die Befehle kamen von höchster Stelle
    5. AUTO höchster Gang
    to move into \high den höchsten Gang einlegen
    * * *
    [haɪ]
    1. adj (+er)
    1) mountain, wall, forehead, building hoch pred, hohe(r, s) attr

    a high dive — ein Kopfsprung m aus großer Höhe

    I knew him when he was only so high — ich kannte ihn, als er nur SO groß war or noch so klein war

    See:
    → also high ground
    2) (= important, superior) hoch pred, hohe(r, s) attr
    3) (= considerable, extreme, great) opinion, speed, temperature, fever, pressure, salary, price, rate, density, sea hoch pred, hohe(r, s) attr; reputation ausgezeichnet, hervorragend; altitude groß; wind stark; complexion, colour (hoch)rot

    /quality — von bestem Format/bester Qualität

    casualties were high — es gab viele Opfer; (Mil) es gab hohe Verluste

    to put a high value on sth —

    to have high expectations of sb/sth — hohe Erwartungen an jdn/etw stellen

    in (very) high spirits — in Hochstimmung, in äußerst guter Laune

    to have a high old time (inf) — sich prächtig amüsieren, mächtig Spaß haben (inf)

    4) (= good, admirable) ideals, principles hoch
    5)

    (of time) high noon — zwölf Uhr mittags

    it's high time you went home — es ist or wird höchste Zeit, dass du nach Hause gehst

    6) sound, note hoch; (= shrill) schrill
    7) (inf on drugs) high (inf); (on drink) blau (inf)
    8) meat angegangen
    9) (CARDS) hoch pred, hohe(r, s) attr
    2. adv (+er)
    1) hoch

    high up (position) — hoch oben; (motion) hoch hinauf

    birds circling very high up — Vögel, die ganz weit oben kreisen

    higher up the hill was a small farm — etwas weiter oben am Berg lag ein kleiner Bauernhof

    2)

    to go as high as £200 — bis zu £ 200 (hoch) gehen

    inflation is climbing higher and higher —

    3. n
    1)
    2)

    unemployment/the pound has reached a new high — die Arbeitslosenzahlen haben/das Pfund hat einen neuen Höchststand erreicht

    3) (MET) Hoch nt
    4) (US AUT

    = top gear) in high —

    5) (US inf = high school) Penne f (inf)
    * * *
    high [haı]
    A adj (adv → highly)( → higher, highest)
    1. hoch:
    ten feet high zehn Fuß hoch;
    at high altitudes in großen Höhen; → beam A 6, horse A 1
    2. hoch (gelegen):
    High Asia Hochasien n
    3. GEOG hoch (nahe den Polen):
    high latitude hohe Breite
    4. hoch (Grad):
    high expectations große oder hohe Erwartungen;
    high favo(u)r hohe Gunst;
    high hopes große Hoffnungen;
    high praise großes Lob;
    keep the pace high SPORT das Tempo hoch halten;
    a) hohe Geschwindigkeit,
    b) SCHIFF hohe Fahrt, äußerste Kraft;
    high starting number SPORT hohe Startnummer;
    be high in calories viele Kalorien haben;
    be high in fat fettreich sein; → gear A 3
    5. stark, heftig:
    high passion wilde Leidenschaft;
    high wind starker Wind;
    high words heftige oder scharfe Worte
    6. hoch (im Rang), Hoch…, Ober…, Haupt…:
    a high official ein hoher Beamter;
    the Most High der Allerhöchste (Gott)
    7. bedeutend, hoch, wichtig:
    high aims hohe Ziele;
    high politics pl (oft als sg konstruiert) hohe Politik
    8. hoch (Stellung), vornehm, edel:
    of high birth von hoher oder edler Geburt, hochgeboren;
    high society High Society f, gehobene Gesellschaftsschicht; → standing A 1
    9. hoch, erhaben, edel:
    high spirit erhabener Geist
    10. hoch, gut, erstklassig (Qualität etc):
    high performance hohe Leistung
    11. hoch, Hoch… (auf dem Höhepunkt stehend):
    High Middle Ages pl Hochmittelalter n;
    high period Glanzzeit f (eines Künstlers etc)
    12. hoch, fortgeschritten (Zeit):
    high summer Hochsommer m;
    it is high day es ist heller Tag; → high time 1, noon A 1
    13. (zeitlich) fern, tief:
    in high antiquity tief im Altertum
    14. LING
    a) Hoch… (Sprache)
    b) hoch (Laut):
    high tone Hochton m
    15. hoch (im Kurs), teuer:
    land is high Land ist teuer
    17. extrem, eifrig (Sozialdemokrat etc)
    18. a) hoch, hell (Ton etc)
    b) schrill, laut (Stimme etc)
    19. lebhaft (Farben):
    high complexion rosiger Teint
    20. erregend, spannend (Abenteuer etc)
    21. a) gehoben, heiter: → jinks, spirit A 8
    b) umg blau (betrunken)
    c) umg high (im Drogenrausch)
    22. umg scharf, erpicht ( beide:
    on auf akk)
    23. GASTR angegangen, mit Hautgout (Wild):
    be high Hautgout haben
    24. SCHIFF hoch am Wind
    B adv
    1. hoch:
    aim high fig sich hohe Ziele setzen oder stecken;
    lift high in die Höhe heben, hochheben;
    a) hochgehen (See, Wellen),
    b) fig toben (Gefühle);
    feelings ran high die Gemüter erhitzten sich;
    search high and low überall suchen, etwas wie eine Stecknadel suchen
    2. stark, heftig, in hohem Grad oder Maß
    3. teuer:
    pay high teuer bezahlen
    4. hoch, mit hohem Einsatz:
    5. üppig:
    live high in Saus und Braus leben
    6. SCHIFF hoch am Wind
    C s
    1. (An)Höhe f, hoch gelegener Ort:
    a) hoch oben, droben,
    b) hoch hinauf,
    c) im oder zum Himmel;
    a) von oben,
    b) vom Himmel
    2. METEO Hoch(druckgebiet) n
    3. TECH
    a) hochübersetztes oder hochuntersetztes Getriebe (an Fahrzeugen), besonders Geländegang m
    b) höchster Gang:
    move ( oder shift) into high den höchsten Gang einlegen
    4. fig Höchststand m:
    his life was full of highs and lows sein Leben war voller Höhen und Tiefen
    5. umg für high school
    6. he’s still got his high umg er ist noch immer blau oder high
    * * *
    1. adjective
    1) hoch [Berg, Gebäude, Mauer]
    2) (above normal level) hoch [Stiefel]

    the river/water is high — der Fluss/das Wasser steht hoch

    be left high and dry — (fig.) auf dem trock[e]nen sitzen (ugs.)

    3) (far above ground or sea level) hoch [Gipfel, Punkt]; groß [Höhe]
    4) (to or from far above the ground) hoch [Aufstieg, Sprung]

    high diving — Turmspringen, das; see also bar 1. 2)

    5) (of exalted rank) hoch [Beamter, Amt, Gericht]

    high and mighty — (coll.): (highhanded) selbstherrlich; (coll.): (superior) hochnäsig (ugs.)

    be born or destined for higher things — zu Höherem geboren od. bestimmt sein

    6) (great in degree) hoch; groß [Gefallen, Bedeutung]; stark [Wind]

    be held in high regard/esteem — hohes Ansehen/hohe Wertschätzung genießen

    high blood pressure — Bluthochdruck, der

    have a high opinion of somebody/something — eine hohe Meinung von jemandem/etwas haben (geh.); viel von jemandem/etwas halten

    7) (noble, virtuous) hoch [Ideal, Ziel, Prinzip, Berufung]; edel [Charakter]
    8) (of time, season)

    it is high time you left — es ist od. wird höchste Zeit, dass du gehst

    high summer — Hochsommer, der

    9) (luxurious, extravagant) üppig [Leben]

    have a high [old] time — sich bestens amüsieren

    11) (coll.): (on a drug) high nicht attr. (ugs.) (on von)

    get high on — sich anturnen mit (ugs.) [Haschisch, LSD usw.]

    12) (in pitch) hoch [Ton, Stimme, Lage, Klang usw.]
    13) (slightly decomposed) angegangen (landsch.) [Fleisch]
    14) (Cards) hoch
    2. adverb

    search or hunt or look high and low — überall suchen

    3. noun
    1) (highest level/figure) Höchststand, der; see also all-time

    on high — hoch oben od. (geh., südd., österr.) droben; (in heaven) im Himmel

    3) (Meteorol.) Hoch, das
    * * *
    adj.
    hoch adj.
    hoh adj. n.
    Hoch nur sing. n.
    Höchststand m.

    English-german dictionary > high

  • 20 ånd

    * * *
    (en -er)
    ( sind, mods legeme; også: stor personlighed) mind ( fx body and mind; the triumph of mind over matter; he was one of the greatest minds of his time); spirit ( fx the spirit is willing but the flesh is weak);
    ( overnaturligt væsen) spirit, genie ( fx the Spirit (el. Genie) of the Lamp (, of the Ring));
    ( spøgelse) ghost ( fx Hamlet's father's ghost), spirit;
    ( tænkemåde) spirit ( fx the spirit of the 18th century);
    ( åndelig kraft, indre princip) genius ( fx men of genius; the genius of the language);
    (i hær etc) morale;
    ( tone, retning) spirit ( fx we accept the spirit as well as the letter of the treaty), drift ( fx the drift of what he said),
    F tenor;
    [ når ånden kommer over ham] when the spirit moves him;
    [ opgive ånden] give up the ghost;
    [ åndens verden] the spiritual world;
    [ med adj:]
    [ beslægtede ånder] kindred souls (el. spirits), congenial spirits;
    [ de dødes ånder] the spirits of the dead;
    [ hans gode (, onde) ånd] his good (, evil) genius;
    [ en ond ånd] an evil spirit;
    ( indianernes gud) the Great Spirit;
    (spøg.: tjener etc) menial,
    ( troldmands) familiar;
    [ med i:]
    [ i ånden] in spirit;
    [ forstå noget i den ånd det er skrevet] understand something in the spirit in which it was written;
    [ optage det i den rette ånd] take it in the right spirit;
    [ganske i X.s ånd] quite in the spirit of X.;
    [ i ånd og sandhed] in spirit and in truth;
    [ jeg ser ham i ånden] I see him in my mind's eye.

    Danish-English dictionary > ånd

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